• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 1993

To obtain the basic information necessary for the development of soybean varieties well adaptable to upland-paddy field rotational croppings, the difference of growth characteristics between upland and paddy-field including yield potentials of current recommending soybean varieties were evaluated. The growth characteristics, both above and under-ground, which were measured at flowering stage were generally greater in paddy-field but the number of root nodules was much greater in upland, thus the artificial inoculation was practically recommended for soybean growing in paddy-fields. Mean seed yield was generally higher in paddy-fields than in upland. All soybean varieties showed higher seed yield in the early planting date, April 20, were somewhat susceptible to soybean mosaic virus(SMV), thus they could be escaped from the disasterous endemic necrotic soybean mosaic virus(SMV-N). Soybean varieties showed over 4.0 tons/ha seed yield in the paddy-field were Williams 79, Union, SS77053, and Namhaekong. At the same time, Jangyeobkong and Danyeobkong were the most stable soybean varieties among the tested soybean varieties with less than 10% of coefficient variation values in all planting dates in paddy fields. Compared with Hwangkeumkong which is most widely being cultivated on farmer's fields, soybean varieties showed high yields in paddy-field were higher in plant height, less in the number of branches, and more in the number of nodes on main stem. At the same time, they had medium seed size which would bring the good germination and stands. Disease resistance especially for necrotic soybean mosaic virus was also one of the most decisive factors in seed yields for the early planted soybeans.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.875-901
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• 2017

Although some skeptical views arguing that the impact of organic farming is quite limited to sustainable biodiversity, the organic agriculture has been generally accepted to have positive effects on various properties of soils not only on biophysical and ecological properties but also on biodiversity of the field. Therefore, this field investigation has been conducted to examine the effect of organic farming, relative to conventional agriculture, through a comparative investigations of the two systems for conserving local biodiversity of invertebrate animals. For this research, organic and conventional farming locations matched with both of a paddy field and a upland fields in Goesan-gun province (Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea) were selected to compare the species richness of invertebrate biodiversity as follows: location OP (Organic Paddy field), location OU (Organic Upland field), location CP (Conventional Paddy field), and location CU (Conventional Upland field). Among 249 species collected, the numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the locations practicing conventional farming both in paddy fields (104 vs. 84 species) and upland fields (108 vs. 77 species). Changes in species richness can be shown in the selected locations depending on the agriculture system with organic (50 species) or conventional (44 species) farming systems in the paddy fields, similarly with organic (42 species) or conventional (35 species) farming in the upland fields, respectively. Our present research clearly shows that a wide range of taxa, including insects, spiders and other invertebrates, benefit from organic management through increases in abundance or species richness. It has been also identified that four orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Hynemoptera, and Araneae) that are largely intrinsic to organic paddy field, and another three orders (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae) that are particularly beneficial for organic crop field regime.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.298-304
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• 1995

This study was carried out to make the most of them as the fundamental data for reasonable weed control when population of weeds was observed in the alternated fields of lowland and upland. The annual and the perennial paddy weeds in the continuous paddy rice field remarkably decreased when compared to that in the alternated field of paddy rice and soybean. The longer was the duration of upland field condition, the less was the population of lowland weeds and the more was the population of upland weeds. Biennial weeds in the contiuous paddy rice field were less than that in the rotated field of paddy rice and soybean, and this tendency was clear in Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. In the continuous cropping of paddy rice, population of biennial weeds in the culverted field was higher than that in the unculverted one, but in the continuous cropping of soybean this tendency was vice versa.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.29-37
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• 2012

This study was carried out to runoff characteristics in an upland livestock manure compost. Irrigation, runoff and water quality data in the upland were analyzed periodically from May to November in 2011. The observed amount of rainfall, irrigation, runoff for the experimental upland during the investigation period were 1,299.7 mm, 32.0 mm, and 340.7 mm, respectively. The concentrations of T-N in compost and non-compost upland during study period were ranged from 2.09 mg/L to 6.66 mg/L and from 1.99 mg/L to 6.01 mg/L, respectively. which was generally higher than the quality standard of agricultural water (1.0 mg/L). The concentrations of T-P in compost and non-compost upland during study period were ranged from 0.069 mg/L to 0.525 mg/L and from 0.018 mg/L to 0.152 mg/L, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings of T-N and T-P in compost upland were 10.05 kg/ha and 0.56 kg/ha, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings of T-N and T-P in non-compost upland were 9.09 kg/ha and 0.26 kg/ha, respectively. The runoff pollutants loadings in T-N and T-P from this study were much lower values than the pollutant loadings of T-N and T-P from the upland published by the others studies. Runoff pollution loadings due to the upland field in order to identify the characteristics of various crops, farming methods and a variety of targets taking into account regional characteristics by conducting continuous monitoring runoff load estimate will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The main source of water pollution in Doam Lake is turbid incoming water from upland fields in the upper watershed. The large scale, elevation, and slope of this region means that it is inaccessible, and it is difficult to collect information and update data. Field survey results show that there is a difference between classification of upland fields and grasslands in the cadastral data and land-cover map. In this study, MODIS NDVI was calculated from May 2000 to September 2015 in order to improve classification accuracy of upland fields.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.867-875
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• 2016

Archaea substantially contribute to global geochemical cycling and energy cycling and are impacted by land-use change. However, the response of archaeal communities to a change from upland field to paddy field has been poorly characterized. Here, soil samples were collected at two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) from one upland field and six paddy fields that were established on former upland fields at different times (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 years before the study). Barcoded pyrosequencing was employed to assess the archaeal communities from the samples at taxonomic resolutions from phylum to genus levels. The total archaeal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness showed a significant positive correlation with the land-use change duration. Two phyla, Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota, were recorded throughout the study. Both the relative abundance and OTU richness of Euryarchaeota increased at both depths but increased more steadily at the subsurface rather than at the surface. However, these data of Crenarchaeota were the opposite. Additionally, the archaeal composition exhibited a significant relationship with C/N ratios, total phosphorus, soil pH, Olsen phosphorus, and the land-use change duration at several taxonomic resolutions. Our results emphasize that after a change from upland fields to paddy fields, the archaeal diversity and composition changed, and the duration is an important factor in addition to the soil chemical properties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.44-44
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• 2017

Recently, the occurrences of extreme flooding and drought, often in the same areas, have increased due to climate change. We tested the hypothesis that wetland species could help upland species under flood conditions; that is, the roots of wetland crops may supply $O_2$ to the roots of upland crops by a series of experiments conducted in both humid Japan and semi-arid Namibia (See Iijima et al, 2016 and Awala et al, 2016). Firstly, flooding tolerance of upland-adapted staple crops-pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mix-cropped with rice (Oryza spp.) was investigated in glasshouse and laboratory experiments in Japan. We found a phenomenon that strengthens the flood tolerance of upland crops when two species-one wetland and one drought tolerant-were grown using the mixed cropping technique that results in close tangling of their root systems, hereinafter referred to "close mixed-planting". This technique improved the photosynthetic and transpiration rates of the upland crops subjected to flood stress ($O_2$-deficient nutrient culture). Oxygen transfer was suggested between the two plants mix-cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of upland crops under the simulated flood stress. Secondly, we further tested whether this phenomenon would be expressed under field flood conditions. The effects of close mixed-planting of pearl millet and sorghum with rice on their survival, growth and grain yields were evaluated under controlled field flooding in semi-arid Namibia during 2014/2015-2015/2016. Single-stand and mixed plant treatments were subjected to 11-22 day flood stress at the vegetative growth stage. Close Mixed-planting increased seedling survival rates in both pearl millet and sorghum. Grain yields of pearl millet and sorghum were reduced by flooding, in both the single-stand and mixed plant treatments, relative to the non-flooded upland yields, but the reduction was lower in the mixed plant treatments. In contrast, flooding increased rice yields. Both pearl millet-rice and sorghum-rice mixtures demonstrated higher land equivalent ratios, indicating a mixed planting advantage under flood conditions. These results indicate that mix-planting pearl millet or sorghum with rice could alleviate flood stress on dryland cereals. The results also suggest that with this cropping technique, rice could compensate for the dryland cereal yield losses due to field flooding. Mixed cropping of wet and dryland crops is a new concept to overcome flood stress under variable environmental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

This experiments was conducted to investigate the influence on growth of rye, triticale with legume and investigated their productivity, feed value and stock carrying capacity in order to select the appropriate forage species in the central region of Korea. In the results, Rye+Red clover showed 5.2ton/ha of dry matter yield. But there was no significant difference with Triticale+Red clover and Rye in upland field. In paddy field, Rye+Hairy vetch showed 5.2ton/ha, but there was no significant difference with Triticale+Hairy vetch and Rye. Mixture effects with Rye, Triticale and Red clover, Hairy vetch by relative yield were more than 1.00 compared to monoculture, and their mixture effect was recognized in upland and paddy field. Relative feed value was highest in the applications of Triticale mixture in upland and paddy field. The average value of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ showed the highest one as 2.75head/ha/yr in Rye+Red clover in upland field and 2.84head/ ha/yr in Triticale+Hairy vetch in paddy field. According to the results, Rye+Red clover in upland field and Triticale+Hairy vetch in paddy field were considered to be the most appropriate winter forage crops for the central region of Korea in terms of productivity, feed value and stock carrying capacity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.133-144
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• 2018

To suggest the field maintenance plan considering the geographical characteristics of the region, we selected representative regions(plain regione and mountain region) and compared spatial distribution of cultivated land in Muan-gun and Hwasun-gun. Firstly, we examined the distribution characteristics of cultivated land according to the scope of the maintenance object with Fragstats. As a result of that, it was found that the cultivated area except rice paddy had the highest aggregation effect. And then, we developed type classification of maintenance considering geographic characteristics and cultivated crops information. As a result of classification, plain land type Muan region was mostly cultivated land suitable for integrated maintenance. On the other hand, Hwasun, a mountainous terrain, needs small-scale maintenance and road maintenance. Based on these results, it was found that more detailed planning is needed for the upland field infrastructure improvement considering the topographic characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 1997

To find out the optimum fertilizer level for onion, early maturing cultivar Fechongjoseng, experiment with four fertilizer levels was conducted of the field of the paddy and upland in Muan and Changyeong from Sep.1993 to Feb.1995. The yield character of onion was higher and rate of the rottenness was lowest under the treatment of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=28-9.5-23Kg/10a in the soil of paddy and upland field of Muan area. But the onion yield was excellent and rate of the rottenness was lowest under the treatments, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=21-19-17.3Kg/10a, in the soil of paddy field and $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=28-9.5-23Kg/10a, in the soil of upland field of Changyeong area.