• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2004

This research is about Apartment Remodeling Upgrading Programme by Singapore Housing Development Board(HDB). For this study, we visited HDB and made field survey of the projects. There are basically three types of upgrading, namely, Precinct Upgrading, Apartment Block Upgrading and Flat Upgrading. Precint Upgrading refers the upgrading of services and facilities of the precinct. It involves the extention of open space, car-park, commercial space and additional covered linkways. These afford the residents greater convenience and comfort and generally enhance the environment of the community. Apartment Upgrading refers the upgrading of the block facade, improvements to the elevator, lift lobbies, letter boxes, trash chute and rain chute. The upgrading improves the quality of life of the residents. Flat Upgrading Involves the addition of space which may be in the form of a new Utility-room, replacement of old services, piping and equipment within an apartment unit. These provide the residents with a bigger and more comfortable living space.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic literature review related to environmental upgrading in Global Value Chains (GVCs) and suggest possible future research agendas in advancing environmental upgrading and ultimately GVC boundaries. Research design, data, and methodology - The academic databases such as Science Direct, EBSCO, ProQuest and Google Scholar were explored using a structured keywords searches to identify relevant research in the environmental upgrading area in GVCs. Only relevant papers were selected after reading the abstracts, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results - Overall analysis of the literature review suggests two critical developments in the field of environmental upgrading. The first and foremost major development is an enhanced understanding of environmental upgrading as a concept and phenomenon. The second significant development is that environmental upgrading has been empirically proven to be fundamentally based on relationships and power structures within GVCs. Conclusions - Environmental upgrading in GVCs has been studied individually and not in relation to financial outcomes and social upgrading. Hence, the relationship of environmental upgrading with financial outcomes and social upgrading needs to be investigated. Furthermore, the impact of the interaction of varying institutional structures on environmental upgrading is worthy of future study.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2020

Purpose: Participation of firms in Global Value Chains (GVC) has contributed significantly to the improvement of economic outcomes for firms in developing countries. However, evidence suggests that these economic outcomes are gained at the cost of labourers' poor working conditions. This research contributes to existing literature on GVCs by investigating the influence of different governance structures on economic and social upgrading of firms participating in GVCs. Furthermore, the research attempts to understand the relationship between economic and social upgrading in GVCs. Research design and methodology: Detailed qualitative primary research was carried out in the football industry of Sialkot, Pakistan. The case study approach was employed, and football firms were the unit of analysis. Semi-structured interviews with firms' representatives were conducted. Results: Findings reveal that most firms were found in captive, relational and market governance structures. Furthermore, product and process upgrading were witnessed in all firms; however, social upgrading was observed mostly in captive and relational GVCs. Moreover, social upgrading was linked to economic upgrading in captive and relational networks. Conclusions: The findings from the Sialkot football industry reflect that buyers pay higher prices and margins to their suppliers once they upgrade their products and processes.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2019

Purpose - The industrial structure upgrading can play an important role in promoting the carbon emission efficiency. Thus, this paper attempts to study the impact of industrial structure upgrading on carbon emission efficiency in order to reduce carbon emissions. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper selects panel data of 30 provinces and municipalities (autonomous regions) in China from 2001 to 2016, and divides them into three regions. The Moore index is used to measure the industrial structure upgrading, the non-radial SBM model based on undesired output is used to measure the slack variable to calculate the total factor carbon emission efficiency. Finally the impact of industrial structure upgrading on the carbon emission efficiency are analyzed. Results - It is found that the Moore index and the carbon emission efficiency in the eastern region is the highest in the three regions. Conclusions - The influence of various influencing factors on carbon emission efficiency is different between regions. The Moore index has a positive effect on the carbon emission efficiency in the eastern region, and has a negative influence coefficient on the central region. The effect on the western region is not obvious.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.163-166
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• 2008

With both Gatdui and Daean areas, under construction for upgrading the old housing in Gyeongju downtown area, this study was carried out to find out implications of upgrading methods in a historical and cultural city, by using a physical survey in the areas and life survey among their residents, as well as by analysing the level of their satisfaction with and requirement for housing and their preferring housing type. The upgrading patterns of residents were analysed by examining cases constructed newly in the manner of upgrading. The findings showed that it is required for both existing authorities and private parties to assume roles and responsibilities for upgrading the old housing while recently there have been continuous conflicts between development and preservation of the historic and cultural resources within the city and even the city identity also has been neglected by residents. In addition, it is necessary to take development conditions and resident's economic situation into consideration and introduce a wide range of methods for rearrangement, by turning the importance of housing upgrading to social rearrangement for the purpose of positive alternation.

• 공업화학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2013

중질탄화수소를 부가가치가 높은 경질탄화수소로 전환하는 업그레이딩 공정은 기존 정유공정에서 사용되고 있는 기술이다. 최근 석유자원의 한계로 비재래형 에너지(Non conventional energy)기술 개발의 중요성이 증가하고 되었고, 그 생산기술이 점차 상용화되어 기존 정유제품의 수요를 대체하고 있다. 향후 자원 부국과의 경쟁입지를 확보하기 위해서는 이러한 비재래형 에너지를 이용하기 위한 기술개발이 매우 중요하다. 대표적인 비재래형 에너지로는 오일샌드 (oil sands), 초중질유(extra heavy oil), 셰일가스(shale gas) 등이 있으며, 이 중 오일샌드 및 초중질유는 원유를 대체할 수 있는 비재래형 에너지원으로, 이들 이용기술은 캐나다 및 베네수엘라에서 상업적으로 개발되었다. 특히, 비튜멘 (bitumen) 및 GTL (Gas-To-Liquid) 합성공정의 중간산물인 FT (Fischer-Tropsch) wax는 업그레이딩(upgrading) 혹은 정제 (refining) 공정을 거쳐 가솔린이나 디젤유과 같은 고부가가치 정유 제품으로 생산된다. 이러한 업그레이딩 공정은 기존 원유 정제공정에서 이루어지고 있는 저급 중질탄화수소의 고도화 공정에 해당되는 기술이다. 비튜멘은 상온에서도 유동성이 없는 고점성의 초중질유와 비슷한 물성을 가진 물질로 기존 정유플랜트에서 처리하기 어려운 성분들이 다량 포함되어 있어, 원유 정제 기술의 고도화 설비와는 차별화된 기술의 적용이 필요하다. 또한, 생산, 수송 및 판매에 많은 비용과 기술적 제한 사항이 존재하며, 특히 비튜멘 생산과 고부가화 합성원유 생산을 위해 필요한 많은 에너지 비용과 플랜트 건설 투자비용은 오일샌드 개발의 큰 장애 요소로 작용되고 있다. 그러나 비튜멘의 생산, 수송, 고부가화 부문의 기술적, 사업적 발전 방향에 대한 연구, 검토가 기존 정유사업 고도화와 연계하여 활발히 진행 중에 있다. 오일샌드의 경우, 비튜멘의 일반적인 시장 판매 방법으로 단순히 희석제와 혼합하여 판매하는 방법이 있고, 업그레이딩을 통하여 합성원유의 형태로 판매하는 방법이 있다. 전자의 경우엔 원유가 대비 희석 비튜멘의 가격차가 커지고, 희석제의 가격이 올라가는 시장상황에서는 불리하다. 또한, 플랜트의 용량이 증가하면, 더욱 경제성이 없어진다. 그래서 처리용량에 맞는 업그레이딩의 적용은 이러한 시장 환경 변화에 대한 대비라 할 수 있다. 이러한 비재래 에너지원의 고부가화(upgrading) 기술에 대하여 알아보고자 한다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.172-172
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• 2011

Anaerobic digestion(AD) has successfully been used for many applications that have conclusively demonstrated its ability to recycle biogenic wastes. AD has been successfully applied in industrial waste water treatment, stabilsation of sewage sludge, landfill management and recycling of biowaste and agricultural wastes as manure, energy crops. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is primarily composed of methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) with smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and ammonia(NH3), trace gases such as hydrogen(H2), nitrogen(N2), carbon monoxide(CO), oxygen(O2) and contain dust particles and siloxanes. The production and utilisation of biogas has several environmental advantages such as i)a renewable energy source, ii)reduction the release of methane to the atomsphere, iii)use as a substitute for fossil fuels. In utilisation of biogas, most of biogas produced from small scale plant e.g. farm-scale AD plant are used to provide as energy source for cooking and lighting, in most of the industrialised countries for energy recovery, environmental and safety reasons are used in combined heat and power(CHP) engines or as a supplement to natural. In particular, biogas to use as vehicle fuel or for grid injection there different biogas treatment steps are necessary, it is important to have a high energy content in biogas with biogas purification and upgrading. The energy content of biogas is in direct proportion to the methane content and by removing trace gases and carbon dioxide in the purification and upgrading process the energy content of biogas in increased. The process of purification and upgrading biogas generates new possibilities for its use since it can then replace natural gas, which is used extensively in many countries, However, those technologies add to the costs of biogas production. It is important to have an optimized purification and upgrading process in terms of low energy consumption and high efficiency giving high methane content in the upgraded gas. A number of technologies for purification and upgrading of biogas have been developed to use as a vehicle fuel or grid injection during the passed twenty years, and several technologies exist today and they are continually being improved. The biomethane which is produced from the purification and the upgrading process of biogas has gained increased attention due to rising oil and natural gas prices and increasing targets for renewable fuel quotes in many countries. New plants are continually being built and the number of biomethane plants was around 100 in 2009.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.592-599
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• 2008

오일샌드는 원유성분이 함유되어 있는 모래로 종전에는 높은 생산비용으로 인해 큰 관심을 끌지 못했지만, 최근 고유가 시대를 맞아 새로운 대체원유로서 세계적으로 주목받고 있다. 특히 오일샌드로부터 추출한 역청을 개질(upgrading)하여 합성원유를 만드는 기술을 통해 그 가치 및 활용가능성을 더욱 넓힐 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 개질 기술이 출원되기 시작한 1969년부터 2006년까지 미국, 캐나다, 일본, 유럽, 한국의 213건의 특허를 수집하여 특허출원 동향 분석을 수행하였다. 개질 기술은 수소화 분해 기술, 코킹 기술, 열분해 기술, 아스팔텐 제거 기술, 초임계 기술, 생물학적 기술, 수소화 처리 기술, 가스화 기술 및 기타 기술의 9가지 세부기술로 나누어 정리하였다. 오일샌드로부터 합성원유 생산기술 중 개질 기술은 1970년대 이후 특허 출원 건수가 증가하다가 1980년대 초반에 가장 많은 특허를 출원하였고, 최근 들어 다시 서서히 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 다른 나라에 비해 오일샌드 관련 기술력이 취약한 한국도 자원 자주개발율을 높이기 위해 오일샌드 생산 및 활용기술, 특히 축적된 석유정제 기술력에 기반한 개질 기술 개발이 필요한 상황이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.1417-1428
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• 2020

The design of a nuclear reactor core requires basic thermal-hydraulic information concerning the heat transfer regime at which onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) will occur, the pressure drop and flow rate through the reactor core, the temperature and power distributions in the reactor core, the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB), the condition for onset of flow instability (OFI), in addition to, the critical velocity beyond which the fuel elements will collapse. These values depend on coolant velocity, fuel element geometry, inlet temperature, flow direction and water column above the top of the reactor core. Enough safety margins to ONB, DNB and OFI must-emphasized. A heat transfer package is used for calculating convection heat transfer coefficient in single phase turbulent, transition and laminar regimes. The main objective of this paper is to study the possibility of power upgrading of WWR-S research reactor from 2 to 10 MW_th. This study presents a one-dimensional mathematical model (axial direction) for steady-state thermal-hydraulic design and analysis of the upgraded WWR-S reactor in which two types of plate fuel elements are employed. FOR-CONV computer program is developed for the needs of the power upgrading of WWR-S reactor up to 10 MW_th.

• Computational Structural Engineering : An International Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2001

This study is intended to propose a systematic approach for reliability-based assessment of life cycle cost (LCC) effectiveness and economic efficiency for cost-effective seismic upgrading of existing bridges. The LCC function is expressed as the sum of the upgrading cost and all the discounted life cycle damage costs, which is formulated as a function of the Park-Ang damage index and structural damage probability. The damage costs are expressed in terms of direct damage costs such as repair/replacement costs, human losses and property damage costs, and indirect damage costs such as road user costs and indirect regional economic losses. For dealing with a variety of uncertainties associated with earthquake loads and capacities, a simulation-based reliability approach is used. The SMART-DRAIN-2DX, which is a modified version of the well-known DRAIN-2DX, is extended by incor-porating LCC analysis based on the LCC function developed in the study. Economic efficiencies for optimal seismic upgradings of the continuous PC segmental bridges are assessed using the proposed LCC functions and benefit-cost ratio.