• 제목/요약/키워드: unit cost contract

검색결과 43건 처리시간 0.029초

비모수 검정기반 공공부문 실적단가 선정모델 개발 -공동주택 철근콘크리트 공종을 중심으로- (Development of Historical Data Selection Model Using Non-parametric test in Public Sector - focused on Reinforced Concrete Works of Multi-housing Projects -)

  • 이현기;전재용;박성철;홍태훈;구교진;현창택
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.87-95
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    • 2008
  • 정부는 2004년 상반기부터 실적단가집을 발행하여 실적공사비에 의한 예정가격 작성방안을 적극 활용하고자 하였다. 그러나, 건설업계에서는 현행 실적공사비제도가 내포하고 있는 문제점으로 인해 사업성 악화를 우려하며 실적공사비제도의 개선을 요구하고 있다. 본 논문은 철근콘크리트 공사의 실적단가와 시장단가의 흐름을 관찰하여 실적공사비제도의 문제점을 확인하고 현행 실적단가 선정 모델을 개선한 새로운 모델을 제시하고자 한다. 개선된 실적단가 선정 모델은 합리 적인 공사비 예측을 통해 관련업체를 효율적으로 지원하여 건설업체의 수익성을 확보하고 실적단가의 신뢰성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

시계열분석을 통한 실적공사비의 노무비 분석 및 예측에 관한 연구 (Time Series Analysis and Forecast for Labor Cost of Actual Cost Data)

  • 이현석;이은영;김예상
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.24-34
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    • 2013
  • 2004년부터 정부는 무분별한 저가입찰을 방지하고, 기술 경쟁에 의한 적정 시장 가격 반영 및 효율적인 계약관련 업무를 추진하는 것을 목적으로 실적공사비 제도를 도입 시행하고 있다. 하지만 실적공사비 제도의 도입이 낙찰단가 하락에 의한 정부의 예산 절감에만 기여할 뿐, 실질적인 시장가격을 반영하고 있지 못하고 있다는 우려의 목소리 또한 꾸준히 제기되고 있는 실정이다. 낙찰단가 하락에 의한 일반건설업체의 비용 부담은 전문건설업체로 전가되며 최종적으로 건설노동자의 피해로 이어질 가능성이 크기에, 실적공사비에 적정 가격을 반영하고 현실화하는 것은 성공적인 실적공사비 제도의 정착에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 따라서 본 연구는 노무비를 중심으로 노무중심공정을 도출하고 이들의 실적공사비단가와 해당 기능공의 시중노임단가를 비교하여 실적공사비의 현실화수준을 파악하고, 시계열분석을 통해 변화를 분석하고 예측하였다. 시장가격이 반영되지 않은 낙찰 단가의 실질적 하락은 노무 환경의 변화를 가속화하고, 임금체불, 업체부도 등 건설근로자의 직접적인 피해로 이어질 수 있기에 향후 본 연구가 현행 실적공사비 제도의 문제점을 해결하고, 개선방안을 수립하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

교육시설 BTL 사업의 투자가치 평가를 위한 운영비 모형 구축 (Operating model for A Value-For-Money evaluation of BTL Projects for Educational Facilities)

  • 손기영;김장영;국동훈;김선국
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제7권6호
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    • pp.141-150
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    • 2006
  • 정부는 2005년 1월 '사회기반시설에 대한 민간투자법'이 개정되면서 적극적으로 교육시설 BTL사업을 추진하고 있으나 많은 시행착오와 문제점들도 발생되고 있다. 특히, 주무관청이 BTL 사업의 적격성 여부를 판단하기 위해 실시하는 투자가치 평가에서 산정된 비용이 실제 협약된 협약안의 비용과 현격한 차이가 나고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 효율적인 교육시설 BTL 사업의 추진을 위해 현행 투자가치 평가의 문제점을 파악하고 이를 개선하기 위해 실제협약안과의 상대비교를 통해 투자가치 평가항목에 대한 명확한 기준을 제시하여 협상지연이 발생하지 않도록 투자가치 산정에 정확성을 제시할 수 있는 모형을 구축하였다. 본 연구에서 구축한 투자가치 평가를 위한 운영비 모형을 교육시설 BTL 사업의 적격성 평가 단가에서 활용하면 사업자 선정 및 협상 뿐 아니라, 교육시설 유지관리와 사용 후 평가(POE)에서도 객관적이고 합리적 인 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

하도급대금 조정 관련 분쟁의 예방을 위한 법규 개선방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on Improvements of Regulation for the Preventing Commercial Disputes Related to Adjustment of Subcontract Price)

  • 민병욱;이종광;김용수
    • 한국건설관리학회논문집
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.186-194
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구는 건설공사 하도급계약의 당사자인 수급인과 하수급인간의 하도급계약금액 조정과 관련하여 발생하는 원인을 검토하고, 분쟁을 예방하기 위한 하도급대금조정 관련 법규의 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 문헌연구, 하도급계약 법규에 관한 구조와 맥락의 분석 그리고 설문조사의 방법에 의하여 진행되었으며, 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 발주자와 수급인의 계약금액 조정이 이루어지는 경우 그 내용을 하수급인에게 통지하도록 하는 절차에 관한 조항을 하도급법과 건설표준하도급계약조건에 규정하여야 한다. (2) 하수급인이 하도급계약 내용의 변경 및 그에 수반되는 하도급대금 조정을 청구할 수 있도록 하는 절차를 건설표준하도 급계약조건에 규정하여야 한다. (3) 하도급대금 조정에 관한 기준을 명확히 하기 위하여 건설표준하도급계약조건에서 사용되고 있는 불확정 개념인 단가, 낙찰률 등 용어의 정의를 명확히 하였다. (4) 수급인의 귀책으로 인해 발생하는 연장비용의 부담은 수급인이 부담하도록 하여 부담의 주체를 명확히 하고 연장비용의 산정기준으로 재정 경제부 제정 실비산정규정을 적용하여야 한다.

조선후기(朝鮮後期) 궁궐공사(宮闕工事)의 목재치련(木材治鍊)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Trimming of Wood in the Construction of the Palace in the 2nd half of the Choseon Dynasy)

  • 이권영;김순일
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.9-28
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    • 1999
  • Broadly speaking, this paper is concentrated on the trimming of the wood demanded for the palace, constructed in the 2nd half of the Choseon Dynasty. To be concrete, this is the study on the craftman and craftmanship corncerned with the trimming of the wood, its system, and terms of payment of his wages, Construction reports, financial reports, job slips, written estimates, bills for payment, and other documents in those days are examined for the study. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. 1) The operation system of whole construction office and its suboffice was very specialized and systematized from the early 19th century. 2) The craftman engaged in trimming of the wood was subdivided by work function. 3) The craftman for its first trimming, i.e. 'keojang' or 'seonjang' had been treated as a speacial labor recruited to the mid-l8th century, after that, was enrolled into the craftman. 4) A unit cost of its first trimming was firstly appropriated into the reconstruction of the Kyongwoon Palace in the early 20th century, and it was very subdivided for a personnel management. 5) Contract works were widely applied to all workers engaged in the reconstruction for an efficiency of the accomplishments.

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엔터테인먼트분쟁 해결을 위한 중재제도의 활성화 방안 (A Study on the Activation of Arbitration System for Entertainment Disputes Resolution)

  • 김상찬
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.85-105
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    • 2013
  • The entertainment industry has developed along with current Korean wave fever, and so entertainment-related disputes are increasing rapidly. Litigation is a poor fit for entertainment disputes because of characteristics such as temporal sensitivity. Thus, in the US, the entertainment industry resolves these disputes through ADR mechanisms like arbitration, but cases of settling such disputes through arbitrations are very rare in Korea. This study examined the characteristics and types of entertainment disputes and considered the compatibility of arbitration as a method for settling disputes, and then suggested tasks for revitalizing arbitration systems as entertainment dispute resolution procedures. Arbitrations have many merits, such as the rapid pace of procedures, confidentiality, satisfying the long-term desires of business relationships, the low cost of settling disputes, judgments rendered by experts, etc.; thus, it is a very suitable mechanism to settle entertainment-related disputes. The study proposes necessary steps for revitalizing arbitration systems for entertainment disputes. First, awareness of entertainment industry workers about the arbitration system should be raised. Second, special educational programs for members the of Korean Commercial Arbitration Board related to entertainment should be set up and operated together with encouraging positive attitudes toward actions like establishing a dedicated arbitration unit on entertainment disputes. Third, neutral, professional arbitrators should be secured and aggressive disclosures made. Fourth, a professional ADR organization such as an "Entertainment Arbitration Committee" should be established.

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무주 태권도원 현장 색채계획 시공단계 프로세스 적용사례연구 (A Study on the Case of Application of a Process at the Construction Stage of the Color Planning at the Construction Site of Muju Taekwondo Park)

  • 윤계영
    • 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.320-327
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    • 2013
  • In order to maintain and protect professionalism in color planning, the present study examined the process at the time of realization of color through color inspection and supervision in the actual construction site and suggested plans for improvement. Reflecting the characteristics that the governing body of the construction site is not a private person but an organization, the present study aims to provide institutional measures so that the supervisor of color construction at the actual site of construction can propose concerns related to proper construction at the right time, and the matters cannot be decided from the perspective of a layman. The institutional measures are proposed through the case of application of a process at the construction stage of the color planning at the construction site of Muju Taekwondo Park. First, the process clarified where the responsibility lies by specifying special conditions concerning color inspection on the field guide and color contract. Second, the sample for building materials was selected after obtaining it from a company capable of supply and is appropriate for the planned unit cost so that it could play an important role in realizing colors at the stage of basic design. Third, the process of construction was ensured not by temporary selection of colors but by continuous approval of colors in consideration of the conditions of construction site through letter of approval of color at each stage and point of time. Fourth, coordination of various color elements of other fields including landscape, interior, and electricity ensured construction of the whole structure in one color concept. Fifth, color inspection through the mock up of the site will minimize erroneous construction and reconstruction and prevent decrease in productivity. Sixth, this study also suggested more comfortable and positive color environment through evaluation by experts and users. The researcher of this study expects that color experts actively participate in the stage of construction to contribute to improvement of the color environment.

기업 간 거래에서 고객가치가 거래지속성에 미치는 영향 -거래가치, 관계 가치, 평가적 가치를 중심으로- (The Impact of Customer Value on Relationship Continuity -Focusing on transaction value, relationship value, appraisal value-)

  • 김향미;이소영
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제14권9호
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    • pp.123-132
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 "어떤 기업이 거래 상대로서 매력적이지 않음에도 불구하고, 단지 오랜 기간 거래를 했다는 이유로 관계를 지속하는 원인이 무엇일까?" 라는 연구 문제로 출발하였다. 저자들은 이를 고객 가치로 설명하였으며, 고객 가치를 B2B 거래 관계의 스펙트럼 안에서 거래 가치, 관계 가치, 평가적 가치라는 세 가지 유형으로 구분하여, 거래 지속의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 실증분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 기업 간 거래를 유지하는데 있어, 거래 가치 혹은 관계 가치라는 양자택일적인 가치 판단이 이루어지는 것이 아니라, 거래를 지속할 것인지 말 것인지에 관한 의사결정은 거래 가치와 관계 가치를 토대로 평가적인 측면에서 이루어진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 기존 연구가 거래 가치 혹은 관계 가치라는 한 측면에서 거래의 지속성을 다루었다면, 본 연구는 이들을 동시에 고려하였다는 점에서 그 의의를 갖는다고 할 수 있다.

어업용 유류의 안정적인 공급에 관한 연구 (A study on the Stable Supply of Fishery Oil in Korea)

  • 강연실;이광남
    • 수산경영론집
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.115-133
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    • 2000
  • The policy of suppling tax-exempt fishery oil in Korea has a history of almost 40 years, which was initiated by the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives in 1965. In 1999 the volume of fishery oil supplied to the earning fishermen and fishing entrepreneurs amounted to 8,390 thousand DM, 500 billion won in total. This paper analyzes the oil supplying system to fishermen in Korea and shows that the structural obstacles to the stable provision of fishery oil lies in the ineffective bargaining power (fixing price). Provided that the NFFC as a buyer, which is not equipped with the storage facilities for oil bids for a unit-price contract of fishery oil, there exists a possibility of collusion among 5 local oil refineries corporations to influence the oil price, making it difficult to reach a resonable price of oil. Though the international bids and direct imports following the liberalization of oil imports would help lower the unit price, purchasing and importing the oil out of season at a lower price would not be guaranteed without the oil storage facilities. Furthermore, the current supply system of oil is quite vulnerable to the extraneous factors and, say when the oil price soars unpredictably, it is almost impossible to supply low - priced fishery oil to fishermen. The National Federation of Fisheries Association of Japan(Zengyoren), for instance, possesses 10 oil storage facilities, which had been built across the country during the last 20 years (1964-1984). The storage capacity of these facilities reaches 0.6million DM(by kind, 0.56million DM for A heavy oil, 38thousand D/M kerosene, 5thousand D/M for diesel fuel oil). Allowing no intermediary of production associations(fisheries cooperatives) the NFFA's capacity for keeping oil in reserve rises much higher. As these storage facilities can keep the oil amounting to as much as of 70 days demand in reserve, a stable supply of fishery oil on favorable terms is secured. In contrast with Japan case, unequipped with the storage facilities for fishery oil, Korea does not have much bargaining power for bringing down the price of fishery oil. To make matters worse, the oil storing capacity of the member cooperatives is the volume of only 8 days demand. In case the oil price rises, it is almost impossible to supply the oil to the fishermen at a price lower than the price risen.

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A Study on the Meaning and Strategy of Keyword Advertising Marketing

  • Park, Nam Goo
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.49-56
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    • 2010
  • At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

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