• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.117-133
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• 2014

This thesis aims to investigate the morphologic relationship among the neckline, collar, and hair style, in which the width and height were measured by selecting the representative costumes from 16th to 19th centuries. The pieces of 170 pictures selected by fashion experts were cut in the same condition, with the part of the end of shoulder, head, and chest all placed on the equal level. The products were directly measured by a team of 3 specialists for verification of this study, of which results were calculated into average. The values of output were categorized into the unit of decade and finally into a graph of variation, in which the trend and relationship were evaluated according to the width and height. In 16th century, the width and height of the neckline were inversely proportional to those of hair style, while those of collar were proportional to those of hair style. In 17th century, the width and height of the hair style were proportional to those of neckline and collar. In 18th century, those of the neckline were inversely proportional to the hair style, with no collar found. In 19th century, the width of the neckline and collar were proportional to that of the hair style, while the height of the neckline and collar were inversely proportional to that of the hair style. The analysis of the morphologic relationship among neckline, collar, and hair style resulting from this study revealed that the change of the hair style took place corresponding to those of neckline and collar. Generally, the width of the hair style was found to be more resistant to change, compared to those of neckline and collar that were more susceptible. The height of the neckline was more resistant to change, compared to those of the hair style and collar presenting their frequently fluctuating height. Conclusively, the factor of height rather than that of width showed more dominant proportions, because the various forms of the collar and hair style evolved in terms of the height rather that width, relative to that of the neckline.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.49
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• pp.127-150
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to classify the conversations in Chinese textbooks into four social units (speech community, speech situation, speech event, speech act) adopted by Dell Hymes (1972), and suggest application of the results involving the conversation to the curriculum of Chinese education. Towards this end, this study assumes every conversation in the Chinese textbooks as coordination of specific speech events and acts under specific situations. This study introduces the concept of social unit adopted by Dell Hymes (1972), and elucidates their role in conversation. Thus, this study reconsiders the conversations recorded in the textbooks not from a morphological or syntactic viewpoint but from a speech perspective. Finally, this study suggests effective use of the results in the Chinese conversation classes.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of modular design observed in Korean traditional clothing. Modular design, which is one of the noticeable characteristics of modern fashion design emerged in the 20th century. This study analyzed the Korean traditional culture to investigate the characteristics that show similarities to the modular system in design. A traditional Korean house is composed of small structures called 'chae'. A traditional Korean building is composed of a basic unit space called 'kan', and the rooms are divided and recombined. Korean traditional interior design shows furniture, bedding and art works that could be used, folded then stored. Korean cuisine is served in combination with small dishes. Korean letters are combined in square shaped form to make writing and printing easy. Korean traditional clothing has a way of washing where clothing are disassembled, washed and then re-stitched. The pattern pieces are made to be rectangular shaped so that the fabric pieces can be kept in shape during washing. The rectangular shaped pattern pieces can be replaced and reused after washing. Tops and bottoms could be interchanged for color-coordination, because the shapes of the clothing were standardized. These features exhibit modular system in Korean traditional clothing design. Modular system design has common characteristics which have basic modules, pursue practical purpose, have interchangeability adapted to circumstances, and could be disassembled and re-combined. Korean traditional clothing illustrates different ways of practicing modular system, but has some common features to contemporary modular fashion design.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 1989

We obtained the new complexes, $Fe{\eta}^4-R,R'-TPSCp](CO)_3$(R,R'-TPSCp = 1,1-disubstituted 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-1-Silacyclopenta-2,4-diene; R = Ph, R' = Cl, R = R' = Cl) from the reaction of the corresponding R,R'-TPSCp with ironpentacarbonyl under reflux in toluene. Also, the analogous complexes with R = R' = Me and R = Me, R' = Cl were obtained in an identical manner. We have determined the crystal structure of $Fe[Ph(Cl)-TPSCp](CO_)3$ by using Mo ka, ${\lambda}$ = 0.71069${\AA}$, where the unit cell was found to be monoclinic with a = 9.042 (6)${\AA}$, b = 19.870 (9)${\AA}$, c = 17.426 (9)${\AA}$ and ${\beta}$ = 96.28(4)$^{\circ}$. The butadiene moiety of TPSCp ring is planar and the dihedral angle of the butadiene plane and C4-Si-C25 plane was opened up to 41.8$^{\circ}$. The C-C distances in the butadiene moiety were found to be 1.4346, 1.462, and 1.440 ${\AA}$, respectively. It may be said that the four ${\pi}$-electrons are delocalized over the four carbons in five membered ring through coordination with ironcarbonyl. In this complex Fe is either in distorted tetrahedron environment with the centroid of the four C-atom butadiene moiety and three carbons of the three carbonyls or in distorted square-pyramidal environment with two midpoints of double bonds of the butadiene moiety and two carbons of carbonyl defining the base of the pyramid and the carbon of remaining carbonyl the apex.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.202-206
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• 1985

The crystal structure of The crystal structure of $Ag^+$-Exchanged Zeolite A, $Ag_{4.6}Na_{7.4}-A$, dehydrated, treated with $H_2$, and evacuated, all at $350^{\circ}C$, has been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group Pm3m at $24(1)^{\circ}C;$ a = $12.208(2)\AA.$ The structure was refined to the final error indices R1 = 0.088 and R2 (weighted) = 0.069 using 194 independent reflections for which II_0$ > $3{\sigma}(I_0)$. On threefold axes near the centers of 6-oxygen rings, $7.4 Na^+$ ions and $0.6 Ag^+$ ions are found. Two non-equivalent 8-ring $Ag^+$ ions are found off the 8-ring planes, each containing about $0.6 Ag^+$ ions. Three non-equivalent Ag atom positions are found in the large cavity, each containing about 0.6 Ag atoms. This crystallographic analysis may be interpreted to indicate that $0.6 (Ag_6)^{3+}$ clusters are present in each large cavity. This cluster may be viewed as a nearly linear trisilver molecule $(Ag_3)^0$ (bond lengths, 2.92 and 2.94 $\AA;$ angle, $153^{\circ})$ stabilized by the coordination of each atom to a Ag^+$ ion at 3.30, 3.33, and 3.43 $\AA$, respectively. In addition, one of the silver atoms approaches all of the 0(1) oxygens of a 4-ring at $2.76\AA.$ Altogether $7.4 Na^+$ ions, $1.8 Ag^+$ ions, and 1.8 Ag atoms are located per unit cell. The remaining $1.0 Ag^+$ ion has been reduced and has migrated out of the zeolite framework to form silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2017

Fault materials has various properties depending on their areas, rock types, and components because they are formed by heterogeneous and complicated mechanisms. In this study, to understand the physical and mechanical properties of fault materials, 109 fault materials distributed in South Korea were collected to conduct various laboratory tests with them and analyze their physical and mechanical properties (unit weight, specific gravity, porosity, gravel content, silt/clay content, clay mineral content, friction angle, and cohesion) according to areas, rock types, and components. As for the physical and mechanical properties by rock type, gneiss shows the highest medians in the unit weight ($17.1kN/m^3$) and specific gravity (2.73), granite does so in the porosity (45.5%), schist does so in the gravel content (20.0 wt.%) and cohesion (38.1 kPa), and phyllite does so in the silt/clay content (54.4 wt.%), clay mineral content (30.1 wt.%), and friction angle ($38.2^{\circ}$). With regard to the physical and mechanical properties by component, fault gouge was shown to have lower values than cataclasite and damage zones in all factors other than porosity and silt/clay contents.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-71
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• 1999

There has been a dramatic increase in public awareness regarding dementia during recent years. However, dementia remains a family affair and patients do not receive adequate care in Korea. This study aims to assist patients and their caregivers by establishing Home and Community based Long-Term Care in a city. The data collected for analysis include five main categories: dementia prevalence, limitations of daily activities of patients, burden of caregivers, the services that patient's family want to utilize, the resources that handle dementia in the community. Major findings can be summarized as follows: 1)The prevalence rate of dementia for elderly people is 13.1 per 100 persons. Alzheimer's disease amount to 38.9% of dementia patients and vascular dementia account for 36.7% of them 2)Eight out of ten patients have mild dementia. Almost all patients have normal ADL. IADL, however, shows different picture. In every items of IADL, about 60% of patients reveals some limitations. 3)The proportion of patients who had medical diagnosis is as low as 20%. Families of patients think dementia as normal aging process and medical doctors in the community do not give special concern to dementia patients. 4)Caregivers does not have proper social support. They suffer from long care time, experience large obstacles in respect of health, daily living, and social activity. 5)Health center and Community welfare center have launched some programs-consultation, home-visiting nursing, day care center, voluntary force mobilization and so on-for dementia patients. But they do not perform expected roles and functions because of lack of skilled personnels and inadequate coordination of relevant organizations for dementia care. 6)Families of dementia patients prefer home helper and home-visiting nurse to hospitalization. For the future, however, demand for institution-based long-term services will increase. We develope community dementia care model based on above findings as follows: 1)Health center execute community cardiovascular control program for the prevention of vascular dementia. 2)Refer to epidemiologic characteristics of patients and preference of family, the most urgent task for dementia care in this city is to expand and organize Home and Community based Long-Term Care. 3)For the continuous and comprehensive care, care plan for a patient must be prepared. Case management team should be builded to prepare this plan and coordinate relevant resources. 4)Special long-term care unit for dementia will be needed in a near future. This unit should have multiple functions, such as day-care center, short stay facility, training center for relevant personnels, besides long-term nursing home considering effective care of dementia and efficient operation of the facility. 5)Voluntary workers deserve their due efforts. Incentive mechanisms must be developed to activate voluntary activities.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate various role changes of nurses who have cared both medical cases and hospice patients and what they experienced. Methods: Focus group interviews were done 3 times and participants were 12 nurses who have worked in the hospice unit of medical ward. Results: Role changes in 4 areas such as holistic care, end-of-life care, care fur rare givers, and coordination of hospice team were reported by the participants. What they felt were as follows : fear, confusion, maturation, increasingly labor, regret, accomplishment, sympathy and depression. Conclusion: Although hospice care in general medical ward added extra tasks, it helped clinical nurses recover professional identity and led to growth of nursing by acquiring new knowledge and skill in hospice care.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2010

While groundwater is the major source for drinking and irrigation purposes, arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater is a serious issue in Bangladesh. With a view to reduce As contamination in drinking water the guideline value recommended for Bangladesh is 0.05 mg/L. We assessed groundwater As in an As-affected Sadar Upazilla (small administrative unit) in the District (administrative unit) of Chapai Nabwabganj during 2006, where 50% hand tube well water were above the recommended limit (0.05 mg/L) during dry season. Almost 20% tube well waters were above the recommended limit during rainy season, perhaps due to the dilution of water table. The groundwater in Bangladesh contaminates surface soils and plants thereby As entering the food chain. In 2005, we examined the As levels in different rice varieties grown in different Districts of Bangladesh and the As concentrations in rice grain ranged from 0.07~1.12 mg/kg while the concentrations in 3 rice varieties were above the recommended limit (1 mg/kg rice grain) and the maximum concentration was 1.12 mg/kg rice grain in the rice variety BR 11. With few exceptions, the As content of rice grain in Bangladesh is not considered to be concentration of greater health concern as yet. We also observed enhanced root uptake, efficient root-to shoot translocation, and a much elevated tolerance through internal detoxification all contribute to As hyperaccumulation in a plant, ladder brake fern (Pteris vittata L.). But the phytoremediation technique might not be an appropriate tool to reduce the As calamity in the vast areas of Bangladesh. To mitigate the As problem of Bangladesh, better coordination among governmental agencies and many other organizations will be required to combat the disaster.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.856-862
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• 1995

The tungsten oxo-nitrosyl complexes (n-Bu4N)2[W5O12(NO)2{RC(NH2)NHO}2{RC(NH)NO}2] (R=(CH3)2CH, CH3CH2CH2, CH3SCH2) have been synthesized by the reactions of polyoxotungsten complex (n-Bu4N)2[W6O19] and tungsten dinitrosyl monomeric complex [W(NO)2(acac)(CH3CN)2](BF4) with butylamidoxime derivatives. The prepared complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, UV-visible, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The pentanuclear species was formed by the interaction of the electron-withdrawing {W(NO)2}2+ unit between the two dinuclear tungsten {W2O5}2+ cores. We can estimate to exist large proton interactions viewed from the four doublet in 1H NMR spectrum of (n-Bu4N)2[W5O12(NO)2{(CH3)2CHC(NH2)NHO}2{(CH3)2CHC(NH)NO}2]. We also drew informations of the two different coordination mode and symmetry of the complexes because two ligands appear in 13C NMR spectra instead of four. The {W(NO)2}2+ unit has been cis-form and C2v symmetry in geometric structure.