• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.201-245
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• 2006

본 연구는 일반균형모형을 이용하여 배출권 거래로 인한 일반균형효과와 온실가스 저감비용의 효율성에 대해 알아보았다. 모든 국가가 교토의정서를 비준하고 연합을 형성한 국가끼리 배출권 거래를 한다는 가정 하에서 분할함수형태의 온실가스저감게임을 구성하였고, 전지구를 미국과 미국 이외의 OECD 국가군, 구소련연방, 개도국으로 나누어 연합구조별로 각 국가군에 미치는 영향을 일반균형모형으로 분석한 결과 대연합 하에서 기후변화협약은 연합을 형성하지 않은 ${\phi}$연합구조에 비해 동일한 환경적 효과를 달성하는데 978억 달러를 줄일 수 있어서 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 이 중 약 절반을 미국이 가지고 OEC가 20%를 가지는 반면 배출권 판매국인 구소련연방과 개도국은 각각 18%와 10%만을 가지는 것으로 나타나 배출권 구매국이 전체 연합이익의 약 70%를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 개도국이 연합에 참여하지 않으면 2010년 Annex-I 국가의 저감량의 최대 22%를 상쇄하는 유출량을 발생하므로 기후변화협약의 본래의 목적인 온실가스 저감 및 안정화를 위해서는 개도국이 연합에 참여하여 유출량을 줄여야 한다. 하지만, 전지구적 배출권 거래시 Annex I 국가가 상당량의 연합이익을 가져가고 개도국의 에너지 산업은 위축되므로 기후변화협약의 안정성을 위해 추가지원금을 제안하고 개도국을 연합에 참여하도록 유인할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.1.1-1.11
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• 2015

Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive assessment protocol to be used in intensive pig farming systems. There are two current welfare assessment protocols for pigs: Welfare Quality$^{(R)}$ Assessment Protocols (applicable in the Europe Union), that mostly focuses on animal-based measures, and the Swine Welfare Assurance Program (applicable in the United States), that mostly focuses on management- and environment-based measures. In certain cases, however, animal-based measures might not be adequate for properly assessing pig welfare status. Similarly, welfare assessment that relies only on environment- and management-based measures might not represent the actual welfare status of pigs. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to develop a new welfare protocol by integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. The background for selection of certain welfare criteria and modification of the scoring systems from existing welfare assessment protocols are described. Methods: The developed pig welfare assessment protocol consists of 17 criteria that are related to four main principles of welfare (good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior). Good feeding, good housing, and good health were assessed using a 3-point scale: 0 (good welfare), 1 (moderate welfare), and 2 (poor welfare). In certain cases, only a 2-point scale was used: 0 (certain condition is present) or 2 (certain condition is absent). Appropriate behavior was assessed by scan sampling of positive and negative social behaviors based on qualitative behavior assessment and human-animal relationship tests. Results: Modification of the body condition score into a 3-point scale revealed pigs with a moderate body condition (score 1). Moreover, additional criteria such as feed quality confirmed that farms had moderate (score 1) or poor feed quality (score 2), especially those farms located in a high relative humidity region. Conclusions: The developed protocol can be utilized to assess welfare status in an intensive pig farming system. Although further improvements are still needed, this study is a first step in developing a pig welfare assessment protocol that combines animal-, environment-, and management-based measures.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

유아기에 구순성형술 및 구개성형술 등에 의한 중 안면부의 성장장애를 동반한 성인환자에서 만기 이차성 골이식술(Late secondary bone graft)을 동반한 Le Fort I osteotomy를 시행한 결과 기능적, 심미적으로 양호한 개선 효과를 얻었다. 1. 증례에서는 골지지가 거의 없는 우측 상악 중절치 및 측절치 부위의 치아를 발거하고, 술전 교정치료로 변위된 치아의 배열과 소실된 공간을 회복한 후 장골이식을 동반한 상악골 전진술을 시행하였다. 2. 파열 변연부위에 골점막 절개를 시행한 후 순측 구개측 봉합 및 비점막을 거상하여 구비강 누공을 폐쇄한 후 장골능에서 얻은 골수-망상골을 이식하였다. 3. 수술후 구비강 폐쇄로 비음이 개선되었고, 술후 8개월된 방사선 사진상 파열부위의 골 재생을 확인한 후 보철치료를 시행하였다. 4. 표준 두부방사선 계측상 상악골의 전진에 의한 측모의 현저한 개선을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2015

Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.150-158
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• 2013

국내에서 위성이나 잔해물이 대기권으로 진입하는 상황을 공식적으로 감시한 것은 1983년 1월 23일에 본체가, 동년 2월 7일에 핵연료 코어가 추락한 구 소비에트 연방의 위성 코스모스 1402호의 상황주시를 위해 구)과학기술처가 구성한 추락상황대책반 운영이 최초이다. 이 후에 2001년 대기권에 재진입한 러시아 우주정거장 미르의 폐기대책반이 구)과학기술부 주관으로 한국천문연구원과 한국항공우주연구원 등 관련기관의 지원으로 운영되었고, 2011년 9월 24일에 있었던 미국의 고층대기기상위성인 UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite)의 추락이 한국천문연구원에 의해서 분석되었다. 빈번해진 폐기위성 및 우주잔해물의 대기권 재진입 상황에 따라 2011년 10월 14일 구)교육과학기술부와 우주 관련 기관인 한국천문연구원과 한국항공연구원의 관련 전문가 그룹이 대책회의를 거쳐서 위성추락상황실을 한국천문연구원 내에 설치하고 한국천문연구원 주관으로 운영하기로 결정하였다. 그 결과 이 위성추락상황실은 2011년 10월에는 독일 뢴트겐 위성, 2012년 1월에는 러시아 화성 탐사선 포브스 그룬트, 2013년 1월에는 러시아 위성 코스모스 1484, 그리고 2013년 11월에는 유럽연합의 측지위성 고체 (GOCE)의 대기권 재진입을 감시, 자료 분석, 관련기관 보고, 언론 자료 배포 및 대국민 상황 전파를 실시하였다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제4호
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• pp.181-202
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• 2006

"When it comes to art, nationalism is a goodticket to ride with", says the title of a report in the Indian Express (Mumbai, 29 Oct 2000). The newspaper report goes on to say that since Indian art was kept "ethnic" by colonialism, national liberation meant opening up to the world on India's own terms. Advocacy, at the tail end of the 20th century, would contrast dramatically with the call by Rabindranath Tagore, the founder of the academy at Santiniketan in 1901, to guard against the fetish of nationalism. "The colourless vagueness of cosmopolitanism," Tagore pronounced, "nor thefierce self-idolatry of nation-worship, is the goal of human history" (Nationalism, 1917). This contrast is significant on two counts. First is the positive aspect of "nation" as a frame in art production or circulation, at the current point of globalization when massive expansion of cultural consumers may be realized through prevailing communication networks and technology. The organization of the information market, most vividly demonstrated through the recent FIFA World Cup when one out of every five living human beings on earth watched the finals, is predicated on nations as categories. An extension of the Indian Express argument would be that tagging of artworks along the category of nation would help ensure greatest reception, and would in turn open up the reified category of "art," so as to consider new impetus from aesthetic traditions from all parts of the world many of which hereto fore regarded as "ethnic," so as to liberate art from any hegemony of "international standards." Secondly, the critique of nationalism points to a transnational civic sphere, be it Tagore's notion of people-not-nation, or the much mo re recent "transnational constellation" of Jurgen Habermas (2001), a vision for the European Union w here civil sphere beyond confines of nation opens up new possibilities, and may serve as a model for a liberated sphere on global scale. There are other levels of collectivity which art may address, for instance the Indonesian example of local communities headed by Ketua Rukun Tetangga, the neighbourhood headmen, in which community matters of culture and the arts are organically woven into the communal fabric. Art and collectivity at the national-transnational level yield a contrasting situation of, on the idealized end, the dual inputs of local culture and tradition through "nation" as necessary frame, and the concurrent development of a transnational, culturally and aesthetically vibrant civic sphere that will ensure a cosmopolitanism that is not a "colourless vagueness." In art historical studies, this is seen, for instance, in the recent discussion on "cosmopolitan modernisms." Conversely, we may see a dual tyranny of a nationalism that is a closure (sometimes stated as "ethno-nationalism" which is disputable), and an internationalism that is evolved through restrictive understanding of historical development within privileged expressions. In art historical terms, where there is a lack of investigation into the reality of multiple modernisms, the possibility of a democratic cosmopolitanism in art is severely curtailed. The advocacy of a liberal cosmopolitanism without a democratic foundation returns art to dominance of historical privileged category. A local community with lack of transnational inputs may sometimes place emphasis on neo-traditionalism which is also a double edged sword, as re kindling with traditions is both liberating and restrictive, which in turn interplays with the push and pull of the collective matrix.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 1999

목 적 : 관절경하에서 전위된 경골극 골절을 suture hook와 PDS를 이용하여 견인봉합술을 실시하고 그 수술수기와 임상적 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 재료 및 방법 : 1997년 2월부터 1998년 6월까지 견인봉합술을 시행한 12명의 환자중 최소 1년이상 추시관찰이 가능하였던 7명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 7예 모두 수상후 3주이내의 급성 손상이며 증상 발현부터 수술까지의 평균 기간은 6.1일이었다. 7예중 4예에서 반월상 연골판파열, 내측 측부 인대손상등의 동반손상이 발견되었고 경골극 골절에 대한 수술시 동반손상에 대한 수술적 치료도 병행하였다. 결 과 : 추시기간은 평균 16.6개월로서, 7례 모두에서 골유합을 얻을수 있었으며 골유합시기는 평균 7.4주였다. 후방십자인대 견열골절 및 외측 반월상 연골판손상이 동반된 환자중 1례에서 관절 운동의 제한이 있었으나 수술후 1년 뒤 관절경적 유착 제거술이후 정상 관절 운동 범위를 보였다. 1명의 환자에서 경도의 전방 불안정성의 소견을 보였으나 자각증세나 일상생활의 제한이 없었다. 결 론 : Suture hook과 PDS를 이용한 관절경적 수술은 골편이 작거나 분쇄골절인 경우에도 해부학적 정복을 얻을수 있고, 조기 재활도 가능하므로 전위된 경골극 골절치료에 있어서 유용한 방법의 하나로 사료된다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.291-322
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• 2002

한국의 의학도서관늘은 학술잡지 공동이용을 위하여 한국의학도서관협의회를 주축으로 1969년부터 상호대차를 활발하게 진행해 왔다. 의학정보에 대한 종합데이터베이스는 서지통정기관이 없는 설정이어서 자료 공동이용이 체계적으로 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 분담수서는 실행하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 학술잡지의 공동이용체계를 발전시키는 방안을 연구하기 위하여 국내외 의학관련 정보기관의 운영실태를 파악하였으며, 의학연구자와 현장 의학사서에게 보낸 설룬지극 토대로 발전방안을 모색하였다. 그리고 1년 간의 MEDLIS운영결과 자료를 토대로 학술잡지 중 복구독현황, 상호대차 현황, 시스템운영에 대한 사용자의 요구사항 등을 분석하였다. 이러한 종합적인 데이터에 근거하여 학술잡지 공동이용의 발전 방안을 설계하였다. 학술잡지 공동이용체제 확립을 위해 한국에 의학전문정보센터를 설립하고 산하에 전국의 8개 지역센터를 두고, 지역센터를 중심으로 1차 분담수서를 계획하고, 2차로 전국적인 분담수서를 계획하는 방법으로 설계하였다. 상호대차요구의 집중화현상을 해결할 수 있는 방안으로 신청되는 요구는 1차로 지역센터에서 처리하고, 해당지역에 소장되지 않은 자료는 2차로 전극지역으로 단계적으로 신청하는 체제로 설계하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to verify the construct of the service quality suitable to the characteristics of the business center, to develop the scale that can measure the service quality objectively, compare the diverse business centers in Korea, and present desirable methods of business center management and operation. Research design, data, and methodology - In the first stage, literature research and focus group interviews with current users and actual business experts of business centers were conducted. In addition, 69 early stage scale items were derived. In the second stage, a Delphi survey was conducted on the experts of business and academic circles. The measurement items in the early stage were supplemented and revised. The content validity rate (CVR) of 69 measures was computed and then the experts' opinions were used. As a result, the business center service quality scale, made up of 9 organizing factors and 36 measurement items, was constructed. In the third stage, a survey was conducted on the occupants who were currently using the business center. It was to confirm if the developed business center service quality scale could be actually utilized. The data of 435 samples collected were used. To refine the scale items, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted repeatedly. Results - The business center service quality scale, made up of 8 factors and 33 items, was developed again. The 8 factors are reliability, speed, kindness, specialty, responsibility, appearance, convenience, and public interest. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) of each factor is greater than .7. Thus, it was confirmed that there was reliability in the measurement items. Further, the model suitability was verified using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the convergent validity and the discriminant validity were verified. This proved the construct validity. Through this process, the Korea Business Center Service Quality Scale was developed. Based on factor analysis, the developed business center service quality (BCSQ) scale consists of 4 aspects, 8 factors, and 33 items, comprising the "process quality" aspect: reliability (3 items), speediness (4 items), kindness (3 items) factors, the outcome quality aspect: expertise (3 items), responsibility (5 items) factors, the environment quality aspect: appearance (5 items), convenience (3 items) factors, and the public interest aspect: public interest (7 items) factor. However, according to CFA, the BCSQ scale consists of a total of 4 aspects, 8 factors, and 33 items, comprising the "process quality" aspect: reliability (3 items), speediness (3 items), kindness (3 items) factors, the outcome quality aspect: expertise (2 items), responsibility (4 items) factors, the environment quality aspect: appearance (3 items), convenience (2 items) factors, and the public interest aspect: public interest (3 items) factor. Conclusions - The BCSQ scale could serve as a diagnostic tool that will allow business center managers to determine service areas that are weak and in need of attention, and to improve the service quality of the business center.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.