• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2007

Objective : To report cases of patients with Parkinson's syndrome. Design : Case-series Patients and methods : 35 of patients with Parkinson's syndrome who visited Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases of Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center were treated by acupuncture and herbal medicine from May until December 2007. 35 patients were participated in this study. 21 patients were dropped out during the trial, and we evaluated symptom progress of 14 patients by using several questionnaires such as Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS), modified Hoehn & Yahr stage (H&Y stage) and Schwab & England ADL scale(S&E ADL scale). Results : The whole group consists of 14 male patients and 21 female patients. Mean±SD age range is 64.5±8.4. There were no significant differences of the demographic and clinical characteristics between the case group and drop-out group. The mean±SD medical treatment period of the Case group were 8.4±6.3weeks, the mean±SD of the total score in first medical treatment UPDRS section 1~3 were 29.6±11.0, the mean±SD of the final score were 27.1±12.6, all of which showed significant improvement(p=0.007). There were no significant changes on the H&Y stage and S&E ADL scale. Conclusion : Patients with Parkinson's syndrome who visited Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic diseases of Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center had a tendency of showing improvement in clinical symptoms.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2019

Objectives: Parkinson's disease is the neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor function, including postural instability. Camptocormia is an abnormal condition in which the thoracolumbar spine bends forward during walking or standing. However, the treatment options are limited and often not effective. The purpose of this study was to report on the Korean medical treatment of a Parkinson's disease patient with postural instability who presented with camptocormia. Methods: We used Korean medical treatment including herbal medicine (Jemageopung-tang), acupuncture and pharmacopuncture therapy to the patient who was admitted to the hospital for 21 days. The clinical symptoms were assessed with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and walking time without assistance. Results: After treatment, the UPDRS Parts 2 and 3 scores were decreased from 5 to 3 and 20 to 9, respectively. Also, the walking time without assistance was improved. Conclusion: This study suggested that Korean medical treatment could be an effective option for treating Parkinson's disease with postural instability.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.13 no.sup
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the most rapidly increasing degenerative brain disease due to population aging and westernization of lifestyle. Levodopa is the most commonly used drug to manage PD symptoms. However, levodopa has a problem in that the wearing-off phenomenon occurs as the duration and dose of administration increase. In order to investigate the wearing-off phenomenon in PD patients and devise countermeasures, we conducted a questionnaire survey in Korea. Methods: For the study, a questionnaire with a total of seven items was prepared. Part IV of the MDS-UPDRS (Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) and the WOQ-9 (9-symptom Wearing-off Questionnaire) were used as references. Results: Of the 48 patients who completed the questionnaire, all 47 patients who completed the questionnaire experienced the wearing-off phenomenon. Only one of the patients diagnosed with PD a year ago did not experience the wearing-off phenomenon. Patients frequently mentioned a lack of sleep and stress as aggravating factors for wearing-off. They also stated that in order to resolve the off-state, they walked, massaged, warmed up the body, stretched and exercised. Conclusions: Because wearing-off is such a common occurrence, it is thought necessary to develop wearing-off prevention and resolution measures that PD patients can use in their daily lives.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to report possibility of acupuncture or moxibustion for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by reviewing literature about its effectiveness. Methods : In this review, PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and CINAHL of EBSCOhost were used to search medical journals, using keywords "Parkinson's disease and acupuncture" and "Parkinson's disease and moxibustion". The search range included randomized controlled trials (RCT) about Parkinson's disease combined with another disease and other treatments with acupuncture or moxibustion. Non-randomized controlled trial (nRCT), case study, animal experiment, human experiment, review, survey, essay, letter, and protocol for review were excluded. Results : From 311 studies, 111 were selected during the title and the screening. Finally, 16 RCTs (15 for acupuncture research and one for moxibustion) were included in this review, after scanning and matching the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The number of patients varied between 5 and 88. A total of 12 studies using electroacupuncture (EA) were classified into acupuncture studies. The body acupuncture studies numbered 4, scalp acupuncture 4, body and scarp acupuncture mixed studies 4, and bee venom, ear and abdomen acupuncture were each one study. In evaluation methods, total effective rate method was used in 9 studies, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used in 8, and the Webster score in 2. In addition, the Berg balance scale (BBS), 30 m walking time, steps to walk 30 m, PD motor function score, and Motor Performance Series by Schoppe (MLS) method were used for evaluation. In 15 of the 16 studies, the verum acupuncture group showed significant improvement compared with the control. In 9 studies using total effective rate method, the effective rate was reported as 80.0-97.3% in verum acupuncture groups and 52.6-86.4% in controls. Conclusions : Acupuncture may be a plausible alternative method to care for the long term symptoms and treat movement impairment of Parkinson's disease. However, to confirm this result, high quality studies including randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trials are warranted.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A pivotal role of oxidative stress has been emphasized in the pathogenesis as well as in the disease progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed at investigating serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and elucidating whether they could be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of PD. MATERIALS/METHODS: Serum levels of retinol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherols, ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotenes, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin were measured and compared between 104 patients with idiopathic PD and 52 healthy controls matched for age and gender. In order to examine the relationship between antioxidant vitamins and the disease progression, multiple group comparisons were performed among the early PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage I and II, N = 47), advanced PD (stage III and IV, N = 57) and control groups. Separate correlation analyses were performed between the measured antioxidant vitamins and clinical variables, such as Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score. RESULTS: Compared to controls, PD patients had lower levels of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotenes and lycopene. ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene levels were significantly reduced in advanced PD patients relative to early PD patients and were negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr stage and UPDRS motor score in PD patients. No significant differences were found in serum levels of retinol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherols, and other carotenoids between PD patients and controls. No significant correlations were found between these vitamin levels and clinical variables in PD patients. CONCLUSTIONS: We found that serum levels of some carotenoids, ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene, were lower in PD patients, and that these carotenoids inversely correlated with clinical variables representing disease progression. Our findings suggest that decreases in serum ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene may be associated with the pathogenesis as well as progression of PD.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 1996

[ $[^{123}I]{\beta}$ ]-CIT [$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-(4-iodophenyl)tropane]는 도파민 운반체 (dopamine transporter)에 특이결합하며 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 도파민 운반체 결합정도는 파킨슨병에서 도파민 뉴우런의 변성정도를 반영하는 것으로 제안되어 왔다. 이 연구의 주요 목적은 파킨슨병 환자에서 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT SPECT를 이용하여 측정된 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 선조체 결합지표들이 질병의 임상적 진행정도를 반영하는지를 검토하고, 간편화된 조직방사능비가 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 결합정도를 나타내는 정량적 지표로 이용될 수 있는지를 검증하는 것이었다. 파킨슨병 환자 30명($59{\pm}9$세, 평균${\pm}$표준편차: Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-3)과 정상인 6명 ($58{\pm}5$세)을 대상으로 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT SPECT 영상을 얻었다. $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT 선조체 결합의 정량적 지표로서 (선조체 방사능-소뇌방사능)/소뇌방사능 비(specific binding ratio, SBR)와 추적자역학모델을 이용하여 측정한 선조체 결합능(binding potential)($k_3/k_4$)을 구하였다. 파킨슨병 환자에서 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 선조체 결합역학은 정상인에 비하여 현저하게 느렸으며 그 결합지표들은 정상인에 비하여 뚜렷하게 낮았다. 한편, 편측파킨슨병 환자에서 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT 결합은 증상 반대쪽 선조체 뿐만 아니라 같은 쪽 선조체에서도 정상인에 비해 유의하게 감소되어 있었다. 파킨슨병 환자에서 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT 투여 후 24시간의 선조체 SBR 및 최대 SBR, 선조체 결합능은 모두, 유병기간, Hoehn-Yahr stage, UPDRS(Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) 총점, UPDRS 운동점수, UPDRS 일상활동점수와 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다. 24시간 선조체 SBR과 최대 SBR은 선조체 결합능과 우수한 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 선조체 결합은 파킨슨병의 진행정도를 나타내는 지표로 이용될 수 있다. 또 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT 투여 후 24시간 영상으로부터 얻은 간편화된 조직방사능 비는 $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT의 결합정도를 정량적으로 반영한다. $[^{123}I]{\beta}$-CIT SPECT는 파킨슨병의 조기진단 및 진행 추적에 임상적으로 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.142-147
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to report the effect of Korean medicine and acupuncture in jaw tremor with Agitation. We studied two inpatients who had jaw tremor with agitation in the OO University Korean medicine hospital. They was treated with acupuncture (LU8, LR4, HT3, LR2) and herbal medicine. The effect of treatment was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and motor examination of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(UPDRSIII). Both VAS of jaw tremor symptom and agitation and UPDRSIII score of tremor were decreased. The result suggest the combination treatment of herbal medicine and acupuncture might be effective for the jaw tremor with agitation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.381-388
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• 2016

Objective: This clinical study reports on the effect of Korean medicine on a patient with drug-induced Parkinsonism.Method: We used herbal medicine (Yigan-san), acupuncture, moxibustion, pharmacopuncture, and bee venom acupuncture to treat a patient with drug-induced Parkinsonism during hospitalization for 11 days. We observed the changes of symptoms using the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS), the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), and the Beck depression inventory (BDI).Results: After treatment, the patient’s symptoms showed improvement in tremor, gait disturbance, and general condition. The UPDRS, AIMS, and BDI scores were also improved after treatment.Conclusion: This clinical case study suggests that traditional Korean medicine treatment could be effective in the treatment of drug-induced Parkinsonism.

• 재활복지
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.237-255
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• 2014

Idiopathic Parkinson disease(IPD) is an neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra, a region of midbrain. Its major symptoms are muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and postural instability. An estimated 70~90% of patients with IPD also have hypokinetic dysarthria. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been reported to be successful in relieving the core motor symptoms of IPD in the advanced stages of the disease. However, data on the effects of STN-DBS on speech performance are inconsistent. A medline literature search was done to retrieve articles published from 1987 to 2012. The results were narrowed down to focus on speech performance under STN-DBS based perceptual, acoustic, and/or aerodynamic analyses. Among the 32 publications which dealt with speech performance after STN-DBS indicated improvement(42%), deterioration(29%), mixed results(26%), or no change(3%). The most favorite method was found to be based upon acoustic analysis by using a vowel prolongation and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS). For the purpose of verifying the effect of the STN-DBS, speech evaluation should be undertaken on all speech components such as articulation, resonance, phonation, respiration, and prosody by using a contextual speech task.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms, 2) the severity of depressive symptoms, 3) the correlation of depressive symptoms with clinical variables, and 4) factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with Parkinson's disease referred from the Parkinson's Disease Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea, completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included basic demographic data, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, a structured interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr stage, the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(some selected scales of UPDRS part III), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale(ADL), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed. Results: 1) Based on BDI score, subjects were divided into four groups:severely(40.7%), moderately(13.6%) and mildly(12.7%) depressive and non-depressive(33.1%). 2) The severity of depressive symptom in Parkinson's disease was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr(H & Y) stage(r=0.34, p<0.0001), the severity of motor symptom(r=0.35, p<0.0001), and trait anxiety inventory(r=0.33, p<0.001). On the other hand, the severity of depressive symptom was negatively correlated with educational level(r=-0.34, p<0.001), ADL(r=-0.37, p<0.0001) and Parkinson's disease quality of life (PDQL)(r=-0.69, p<0.0001). Among several clinical variables, the PDQL was the most influential factor predicting whether the depressive symptom was present or not. Conclusion: This study suggests that depressive symptom is very prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease. Data from this study indicate that medical staffs who take care of patients with Parkinson's disease should pay attention to finding and treating depressive symptom among their patients. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patient's depressive symptom can be minimized or alleviated and thus, the quality of life in these patients is likely enhanced.