• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 2008

The SSTop (Sea Surface Topography) provides an estimate of the large scale structure of the deviations between the geoid height and the mean sea surface in terms of a normalized surface spherical harmonic series. The SSTop is the key information which has been used to determine the shape of earth, geoid, current and tide etc. Also, the SSTop is a basic source for the unification of vertical datums at the different height systems which were established according to the their respective purposes. In order to unify the vertical datum around the East-Asian (E-A) region (covers the area: $20^{\circ}-45^{\circ}N$ and $110^{\circ}-140^{\circ}E$), we estimated the value of SSTop in the E-A region using the predicted values of mean sea surface (from KMSS04) and geoid height (from EGM96 and EIGEN-GL04C) and analyzed to aspect of SSTop at 5 tidal stations (InCheon, JeJu, QingDao, Aburatsubo, KeeLung) with the estimated values of each station previously. The result from this study indicates that the SSTop in the E-A region is relatively stable except for the area around the Japanese and Ryukyu deep, and also shows that the distribution of values of SSTop is ranged from 40 to 60 cm at tidal stations except InCheon station.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-65
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• 1997

The diagnostic requirements were suggested and explained regarding the systems of differentiation of symptoms and signs in the third year study of standardization and unification of the terms and conditions used for diagnosis in oriental medicine. The systems were as follows : - analysing and differentiating of epidemic febrile disease - analysing and differentiating in accordance with the Sasang constitutional medicine baced on four-type recognition - differentiation of diease according to pathological changes of Chong and Ren channels - standards for diagnosis of women's disease - standards for diagnosis of children's disease - standards for diagnosis of motor and sensor disturbance(-muscle born joint etc.) - standards for diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diease - standards for diagnosis of five sense organ diease - standards for diagnosis of external disease. The indivisual diagnosis pattern was arranged by the diagnostic requirments in the following odor : another name, notion of diagnosis pattern, index of differentiation of symptoms and signs, the main point of diagnosis, analysis of diagnosis pattern, discrimination of diagnosis pattrrn, prognosis, a way of curing a diseases, prescription, herbs in common use, dieases appearing the diagnosis pattern, documents. The standards for diagnosis of each disease was arranged by the diagnostic requirments in the following odor. another name, notion of diease, the main point of diagnosis, analysing and differentiating of disease, analysis of diease, discrimination of disease, prognosis, a way of curing and prescription of disease, dieases In western medicine appearing the disease in oriental medicine, documents.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-107
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• 2000

Korea follows the Korea standard classification of disease and causes of death according to the ICD(international classification of disease) Oriental medicine began to of officially follow the classification of disease for using the Korean classification of diseases in 1972. The classification of OM(oriental medicine) has changed in shape experiencing two amendments. The largest difficulty was to overcome the different names of diseases between OM and ICD. A one-to-one correspondence of the name of a disease between OM and ICD is impossible So in the primary stage one-to-one and one-to-many correspondence was made. During the first amendment the international disease names were re-classified on the oriental medicine disease name's basis and at the same time the classification of OM was corresponded on a one-to-one basis to the ICD . During the second amendment this changed to many-to-many correspondence . Analyzing the history of classification of OM during the first and second amendments, it was discovered that establishment of the standards of classification, the unification of oriental medical terms, and overcoming the difference of disease names between the OM and ICD is necessary Also th classification and standardazation of OM must not stop as a single round. It must go on for a long time. The hosts of this project Korean oriental medical society and AKOM(association of korean oriental medicine) need to build a independant department which will supervise the classification project and monitor any problems to come up. Also a route through which suggestions can be taken in and new solutions can be brought up needs to be secured and an atmosphere in which studies can take place about the basis of classifications needs to be developed.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.127-151
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• 2021

The core tenets of Daesoon Jinrihoe in Jeungsanism are encapsulated in the teachings of Eumyang-hapdeok (陰陽合德, Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang), Shinin-johwa (神人調化, Harmonious Union between Divine Beings and Human Beings), Haewon-sangsaeng (解寃相生, Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence) and Dotongjingyeong (道通眞境, Perfected Unification with Dao). Among them, the first three teachings eventually turn towards the prophetic thought of Dotong-jingyeong, which is the process of man becoming a divine figure. While these principles are considered crucial advice for overcoming an unstable life, there are many curious questions that help for better comprehension. What is the reality of Jin-gyeong (眞境) for their followers? How can one reach the ultimate stage under this belief system? Is this ideological concept different from similar perspectives of other major religions? How is this concept related to the idea of Jisang-cheonguk (地上天國, earthly paradise)? This paper analyses these issues of Jin-gyeong from the historical and social narratives of Haengnok (行錄, Acts), Gongsa (公事, Reordering Works), Gyoun (敎運, Progress of the Order), Gyobeop (敎法, Dharma), Gwonji (權智, Authority and Foreknowledge) and Yesi (豫示, Prophetic Elucidations) in The canonical scripture of Jeon-gyeong and also from the ontological approaches of East Asian faiths in order to identify alternative notions of Daesoon cosmology. The paper, based on the sayings of Kang Jeungsan, particularly his philosophy of the Later World, argues the insight that the Jin-gyeong world can be interpreted as created through the Cheonji-gongsa (天地公事, Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth) project in terms of Gaebyeok (開闢, Great Opening) and the earthly paradise as open only for those who achieve the condition of Sin-ingan (新人間, literally means 'new humans' but symbolizing 'being a human-god') by the personal cultivation of Dotong (道通, the unity with Dao).

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.153-175
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• 2013

The issue of patent validity becomes a subject of dispute under the FTA and there is a definite difference of opinion between China, Japan, and Korea. In other words, the validity of a judgment on the patent was exclusively under the jurisdiction of the administrative agency at a particular patent office. Thus, the issue arises where there is a potential judgment on patent validity. In this case, the Supreme Court rather than the patent office can offer a judgment from a judicial institution and can make a judgment in the case of a medication. In China, however, the lowest possibility of judgment on patent validity is predicted to occur in judicial institutions. Such a judgment is recognized as the Grand Bench Decision in Korea, and the court can judge the patent validation rather than the patent office. That is just the case in the Kilby case-it is invalid for reasons obvious in Japan. Therefore, there is a substantial difference between the three countries. Especially in Japan, where after the Kilby case, they revised the patent law in 2004 to introduce Article 104-3, placing the judgment of patent validity in the court, even if the "Apparentness"is not requisite. Per this law, infringers can argue for patent invalidity not only the judgment of the patent invalidation but also the infringement lawsuit. From the point of view of Japan, Korea became the judgment of trademark validation by extension and obvious cases can become directly to judge through the Supreme Court about the right that needs to examinations and registrations. In terms of the mediation, it also provides a clue about the judgment of intellectual property validation and expands the scope of the mediation in the future. From now on, in order to have active mediation procedures in the three countries, China, Japan, and Korea would need to unify regulations and application scopes for mediation in the FTA negotiation and to look forward to achieve a vigorous mediation approach.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.289-304
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• 2024

Purpose - Focusing on the FGI research method, the current status and issues of barrier-free tourism in Gangwon State were identified, and specific activation plans were derived Design/methodology/approach - This study conducted in-depth interviews with 20 experts related to the tourism industry. The issues, current status, and activation plan of barrier-free tourism in Gangwon State recognized by experts in tourism policy, tourism administration, tourism management, and tourism service industry were derived. Findings - First, the tendency of businesses to be promoted based on the non-disabled by not recognizing the weak as the main tourism demand group, second, confusion caused by the unification of terms related to barrier-free tourism, third, lack of finding tourism constraints subdivided according to the type and degree of disability, fourth, tourism information and evaluation indicators provided by prioritizing the convenience of suppliers rather than consumers, and fifth, the nature of the project focused on improving access to physical infrastructure. Subsequently, the results of the analysis of the plan to revitalize the barrier-free tourism industry in Gangwon State were as follows. First, education and programs to improve disability awareness appropriate to local conditions were activated, second, related information was unified and project sustainability was improved by creating a control tower for the barrier-free tourism industry at the provincial level, third, to overcome the employment crisis based on finding locally tailored jobs related to tourism care professionals, and fourth, to continuously secure quantitative and qualitative data and establish utilization plans. Research implications or Originality - First, it presents theoretical implications for related fields by providing issues and activation measures related to barrier-free tourism from the perspective of experts who are still lacking in research in academia. The practical implications are that based on the opinions of experts working in the tourism field, more specific issues of the barrier-free tourism industry in the province were presented, and policy and practical solutions were presented accordingly, suggesting realistic alternatives that can be carried out in the actual field.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.38
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• pp.3-45
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• 2008

A motive and aim of enactment of UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communication in Int'l Contracts is based on need to eliminate legal obstacles that might arise under existing int'l trade law instruments and promote int'l electronic commercial transaction. But when it is used with related articles, 14, 15, 16, 17 for offer under CISG, one of the most successful conventions which produces substantive law for the unification of int'l trade, questions of practical importance, for example possibilities of withdrawal, revocation, rejection of offer, the extent of its criteria arise from therewith. In conclusion, a effective electronic offer has to assure easily access and confirmation of trade terms besides criteria of offer under CISG. An offer can be withdrawal, if electronic message of withdrawal has entered the offeree's server before or at the same time when the offer has reached the offeree but agreement expressly or impliedly, between the parties about type, format, email address is a prerequisited. Implied consent could be presumed through prior conduct or trade usages between the parties under CISG articles 8, 9. The term "have reached" correspond to the time which is able to retrieve the electronic message of withdrawal. But without express or implied agreement between them about electronic communication of type, format, email address, an offer can be withdrawal before or at the same time when it has entered offeree's other e-mail address and confirmed by his retrieval. In case of the revocation, electronic message of the revocation is effective before the offeree's dispatching an acceptance. A prerequisite for the revocation by electronic communication is came as the above mentioned withdrawal except for concept of a time difference for reach. In case of a rejection of offer, when a rejection by electronic communication has entered the offeror's server, an offer is ended. But a prerequisite for the rejection by electronic message is same as the above mentioned withdrawal and revocation.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.35-54
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• 2010

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-201
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• 2006

The aim of this paper is to examine the development of regional geography (including regional studies) in Germany since 1945 in the context of its traditions and changes. From 1945 to the end of 1960s, in spite of many hies of renovation regional geography has faced critics and fall into a serious crisis. After the 1970s many geographers intensively have searched for the new conception and broadly accepting methodological way of regional geography, and in the advent of 1980s regional geography is regarded as a special form of collecting and presenting spatial informations in terms of the addressee. But in the after-era of german unification and through the new establishment of the Institut for the Regional Geography in Leipzig, a discussion on the research aim and future of regional geography was resumed, and its future direction is open.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.77-88
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• 2002

This article deals the investigations how to solve the social deficiencies of deteriorate apartments, which is a half cycle of a building and it goes slum clearance and redevelopment. And this proposes an active remodeling and design strategy, management, and housing policies for extending the usage of the resource. Most of apartment housing in Korea is built by the panel wall and slab structure system fur economic price. To remake is possible, even though not designed in flexibility and variation. The remodeling strategies are dwelling unification, transformation of two units to one or three units, addition of a room, changing into commercial and community required spaces, and reshaping of a envelop and facade by addition of a dwelling or dwellings, roof floors, change of materials and colors, and so on. And, all activities in structural aspect are proposed removal in upper part and addition in lower part of an apartment housing. Active remodeling cost a great deal compare to new construction, so any remodeling activities should be based on a minimal interfere and budgets to enhancing the quality in existing building. The final aim of an active remodeling is to enhance the quality in economic values, and to keep original state and to put on the new one in a small part. To promote the active and careful management and rehabilitation, it is necessary to give the positive incentive in terms of architectural law, bank loan, and any redevelopment project should get the remodeling record in national resources.