• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.447-464
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• 2014

Creative industries are important due to the capability of enhancing urban competitiveness. This study is focused on unravelling the uneven growth and geographic distributions of creative industries. The main results are as follows. First, the primary city, Seoul, has too much eminence than the citysize rule suggests, and the creative-industry elasticity is very high compared to population and all industry. Second, Seoul is reinforcing the uneven growth with adjacent cities. Third, the local main cities have little power to enhance creative industries and the local small cities grow randomly. Fourth, each city should have more deliberation in accepting creative industries as an urban growth strategy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.70-83
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• 2017

Traditionally, economic growth has been uneven over the space. It has also been true for the recovery from social and economic crisis in old industrial areas of the advanced economies. Even if many of such old industrial areas were seriously affected by de-industrialization, some areas have been showing progress, while others have not been so. While interpreting this phenomenon used to be a key issue in economics, main stream liberal economic theorists' explanation was uneven distribution of economic resources, such as raw materials, labour and money. However, some revolutionary economic theorists have brought in the concept of "history" in explaining the phenomenon. Path dependence theorists, for example, interpretate the emergence of different growth paths with the concept of historical accidents. This contrasts to the recent argument of the group of scholars suggesting the concept of "regional resilience," who argue that uneven growth and different growth paths are originated from different regional resilience. This paper introduces the backgrounds, characteristics and utilities of the two theories: path dependence theory and the concept of regional resilience.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.23-42
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• 2000

This study is to investigate spatial patterns of urban labor market growth driven by marketization process and its implication for understanding regional uneven development in post-reform China. Using a shift share analysis, it shows that the geography of employment growth in China's industrial labor market has closely interacted with the space economy of industrial output, which in turn indicates a deepening of economic reform. By decomposing net employment growth into output and productivity effects, it is shown that the non-state sector holds rapid growth of both output and productivity and contributes to net employment growth through positive net shifts. On the contrary, this study also presents that the state sector with relative decrease in output and productivity holds employment decline effects during the reform period. Since there is a significant spatial dimension for the trend above, it is contended that labor market dynamics together with space economy of industrial production play an important role in determining regional patterns of economic development. In addition, through situating this investigation in the context of structural and institutional changes in the reform period, our understanding of regional patterns of labor market growth will be much furthered.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

The aim of this paper is to explore the formation of the Seoul-focused network city for technological commercialization compared with Seoul as a mega city. The growth of Seoul and subsequently, the Seoul metropolitan region as a mega city and mega region has led the uneven regional development in Korea since the 1960s. To reduce a huge gap between the Seoul metropolitan and the non-metropolitan region, the concept of network city can be suggested in terms of the functional and spatial division of labor. More specifically, such division of labour throughout the formation of the Seoul-focused network city concentrates on technological commercialization which is deeply concerned with R&BD (research and business development). For this network city, there are 4 axes such as the axis of South-North Korean cooperation (the axis of R&BD for complex technologies), that of the expansion of a mega city (that of R&BD for green growth technology), that of the linkage of small and medium-sized cites (that of R&BD for life science and technology) and that of megalopolis (that of R&BD for basic technology) with regards to the axis of urban development and technological specialization. It shall be argued that the formation of Seoul-focused network city can be an alternative to the contemporary uneven regional development between the Seoul metropolitan and non-metropolitan region in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the growth and spatial distribution characteristics of Rhus javanica population. The study was conducted between 2015 January and July at the cut-slope revegetation site in Dae-Ji Mountain. Seeds of native species were sowed on the disturbed cut-slope in 2002. There were 119 vascular plant species 55 families and 94 genera on the cut-slope. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae plants were dominant species, which are pioneer species in dry and barren site. Canopy of trees covered 44.1% total area, which was 8.3% increase from 2008. Rhus javanica, main species, dominated all DBH classes except DBH >24cm. Albizzia julibrissin showed high frequency in the 6~17cm DBH class and Salix koreensis was abundant at >12cm. Elaeagnus umbellata, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Alnus sibirica, and Acer pictum were not observed. Rhus javanica population was the most frequently observed on the south facing cut-slope. The average DBH of Rhus javanica was $7.3({\pm}3.7)cm$ and the average height of them was $5.2({\pm}1.7)m$. Annual average DBH growth was 7.9mm/yr and the maximum growth(12.0mm/yr) was the $3^{rd}$ year. It decreased after $6^{th}$ years. Although Rhus javanica population in the Dae-Ji Mountain was a seed originated plantation, the forest had reverse J shape diameter frequency distribution. It indicated that the forest is uneven-aged forest. The Rhus javanica population was expected to sustain.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.330-342
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• 2016

The aim of this article is to explore some issues on the uneven regional development in the Republic of Korea. Along with this, case studies on the United Kingdom and Italy are conducted in terms of their wealth, inequality and regional development. In the period of 1995~2003, the UK experienced the intensified uneven regional development and continuous increase of its index due in the main to the delayed revitalization of industrial decline regions, neo-liberalistic local labour market and industrial policies, and institutional instability of regional policies. In the case of Italy, it seemed to experience relatively stable regional convergence. However, this was caused by the continuous decline of major metropolitan areas such as large cities, Milan, Turin, Genoa, to name but a few. The Republic of Korea experienced 'economic growth with spatial and social disparities.' Since 2003 the uneven regional development has intensified. Towards regional convergence, new engines of regional development, the investment in the specialization of small and medium cities, and supportive policies for industrial restructuring regions are required.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2010

The origin of the inhomogeneous distribution of photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength on a commercial 2" GaN wafer for green light emitting diode has been investigated by wide momentum transfer (Q) range x-ray diffraction (XRD) profile of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells. Near the GaN (0004) Bragg peak, wide-Q range XRD (${\Delta}Q$ > $1.4{\AA}-1$) was measured along the growth direction. Wide-Q XRD gives precise and direct information of ultra-thin InGaN quantum well structure. Based on the QW structural information, the variation of PL spectra can be explained by the combined effect of temperature gradient and slightly uneven flow of atomic sources during the QW growth. In narrow variations of indium composition and thickness of QW, an effective indium composition can be a good character to match structural data to PL spectra.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.809-820
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• 2021

The study aimed to investigate the impact of sectoral bank credit facilities provided by commercial banks on the non-oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Bank credit facilities are given for nine economic sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, mining, electricity and water, health services, construction, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and communications, services, and finance sector. The study employs annual data from 1970 to 2019. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to identify the long-run and short-run dynamics relationships among the variables. The main results reveal that the overall impact of total bank credit has a significant and positive effect on non-oil economic growth in KSA. The results revealed that the effect of bank credit on the non-oil GDP growth in the short and long run was uneven. The study finds that all sectors have a positive and significant impact in the long run, except for the agricultural and mining sectors. Likewise, all sectors have a positive and significant impact in the short run, except for construction, finance, services, and transportation & communications. As a result, bank credit facilities in different sectors have played an important role in enhancing the non-oil economic growth in the KSA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.115-119
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• 2002

An adsorption isotherm on the heterogeneous surface which has spatially periodic adsorption heat distribution was formalized. Usefulness of the formalized adsorption isotherm is discussed with the help of a model calculation. Statistical thermodynamics is used throughout.