• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.107-121
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• 1992

Moonlighting or second-jobs will increase shirking of the primary job. This paper analyzes the motives for moonlighting so that the means of reducing these motives could be explored. The traditional theory claims that a worker who cannot fully realize his work potential will look to moonlighting. In a two-period model, however, the following motives are more important. The precautionary savings motive : A worker has an incentive to save for fear of losing his job and his income in the second period. The worker could save more by working more during the first period, and this additional motive for working is the precautionary savings motive. The insurance motive : When a worker is unemployed, he cannot expand his moonlighting hours according to his needs since the moonlighting hour is upward rigid. Therefore, a worker has an incentive to secure additional moonlighting hours in the first period so that quick adjustment can be made during the unemployment in the second period. Two policy measures to remove those motives for moonlighting are recommended, for these measures will enhance the productivity in the primary job. First, a firm should guarantee that there will be no layoffs in a downturn in the economy and that the employment level is adjusted to the economic states by work sharing among workers. Second, as unemployment insurance benefits compensate a portion of the income in case of unemployment, it substitutes the motives for moonlighting. A generalization of this argument can be found in Ehrlich and Becker(1972) where self-insurance(moonlighting) and market insurance(in this case, unemployment insurance) serves as substitutes. The two policy measures in the above have a spill-over effect : A decrease of labor supply in the moonlighting market will ease job search, and therefore will help those who have their primary job in the moonlighting sector.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.153-154
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• 2021

Currently, the construction industry is decreasing every year due to people's poor perception, high labor intensity, unstable employment structure, and welfare problems, as people avoid entry. Accordingly, this study investigated how to attract trainees and graduates from domestic construction education institutions to the construction industry. If institutional devices are prepared to prepare for the future by improving the welfare system such as unemployment benefits and retirement deductions in the construction industry, many trainees in their 20s and 30s will be attracted to the construction industry. If it helps expand hands-on education through on-site linkage and has the necessary technical skills for practice, it is believed that trainees and graduates in their 4s and 60s will be attracted to the construction industry.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.18-33
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper investigated the effect of international trade affects income inequality. It also compares the different effects between developing and developed countries over the period from 2005 to 2014 for 58 countries. Design/methodology - The econometric estimation was used to identify the relationship between export, import, FDI, GDP, unemployment and income inequality. In this empirical analysis, we utilized a Vector Error Correction (VEC) model using panel data. Findings - The findings show that there is a close correlated between trade and income inequality. The higher export ratio of GDP tends to have a 1.79 times more income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. The higher import ratio of GDP tends to have a 2.44 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Further, Increasing FDI tend to have an approximately 1.43 times higher income inequality in developing countries than in developed countries. Korea is in the middle of developed and developing countries' result. Originality/value - To correct the global income inequality regarding trade, developed countries' proactive trade policies, such as granting preferential tariff benefits to developing countries, are likely to be needed and Income Safety Net in international trade must be taken into account.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.45-71
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• 2022

This paper studies potentially relevant factors affecting changes in the number of self-employed in Korea during the period of 1986-2018. The number of self-employed had increased steadily until 2002 but started to decrease around that time and had continued to decline. The increasing trend in the number of self-employed during 1986-2001 is mostly explained by demographic changes, whereas the declining trend during 2002-2018 cannot be explained by demographic factors. In this study, I consider four institutional factors that potentially affect the decrease in the number of self-employed after 2002: i) a decrease in the job-separation rate of wage workers, ii) an increase in the income tax rate applied to the self-employed, iii) an increase in minimum wages, iv) an expansion of unemployment insurance benefits. Using a search and matching model with the self-employed, I quantify the effects of these four factors on the decrease in the number of self-employed during 2002-2018. Quantitative results show that the impact of the increase in the minimum wage is relatively large, whereas the effects of the other three factors are limited. The increase in the minimum wage accounts for approximately 17.5% (0.169 million) of the decrease in the number of self-employed during 2002-2018 (0.964 million).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.541-549
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• 2015

Research about U.S. and European countries demonstrated that startups and young firms account for nearly all net job creation. If we want to bring down unemployment and to increase economic growth rate, we need to create new companies and to make them to grow. Credit availability is one of the most important factors for entrepreneurs as they attempt to start or expand a business. For young firms, access to credit for business growth can mean the difference between survival and failure. Equity crowdfunding is an innovative means of raising capital for businesses. Crowdfunding campaigns can give new business access to a large pool of investors. This brings huge benefits for marketing and increase provability of success of business and ROI, so it leads follow-on investment from Venture Capital and Angel investors. In Korea, the survival rate of startups and average growth rate of survivors is far lower than those of the U.S or other countries due to lack of funds for startup or early business growth. Equity crowdfunding can be a new funding source for venture or startups. It can increase startup and survival rate, in addition to the growth rate of survivors, resulting in decreased unemployment rate. In Korea, Equity crowdfunding will be available from 2016. Further study is needed to determine whether the impact of crowdfunding in Korea on job creation will be similar to its impact in the U.S.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2005

First, The flow into and out of unemployment has been increasing considerably too since the late 1997. Moreover, about half of job changes involve career changes associated with industrial and occupational changes which workers work for. Workers who switch industries and occupations significantly suffer greater wage losses than observed similar workers who find new jobs in their pre-turnover industry or occupation. These findings imply that labor mobility is more likely to cause losses in accumulated skill of workers. Second, this study compared the wage return to past training when a worker remains with an employer with the wage return to past training when a worker moves to a new employer. Surprisingly, training provided by previous employers has significantly positive wage effect. These findings that the skill acquired by employer- provided training is transferable across some firms. Third, this study finds that the likelihood of sectoral mobility decreases with training received in the current industry. It gives an evidence of the industry- specific training. Based on these findings, this paper suggest the way of dividing the costs of benefits of training among employers within their sector to prevent under-investment in training.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2017

Objectives: As in many low-income and middle-income countries, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by patients or their families are a key healthcare financing mechanism in Bangladesh that leads to economic burdens for households. The objective of this study was to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors of the population had an impact on OOP expenditures in Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 12 400 patients who had paid to receive any type of healthcare services within the previous 30 days were analyzed from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, 2010. We employed regression analysis for identify factors influencing OOP health expenditures using the ordinary least square method. Results: The mean total OOP healthcare expenditures was US dollar (USD) 27.66; while, the cost of medicines (USD 16.98) was the highest cost driver (61% of total OOP healthcare expenditure). In addition, this study identified age, sex, marital status, place of residence, and family wealth as significant factors associated with higher OOP healthcare expenditures. In contrary, unemployment and not receiving financial social benefits were inversely associated with OOP expenditures. Conclusions: The findings of this study can help decision-makers by clarifying the determinants of OOP, discussing the mechanisms driving these determinants, and there by underscoring the need to develop policy options for building stronger financial protection mechanisms. The government should consider devoting more resources to providing free or subsidized care. In parallel with government action, the development of other prudential and sustainable risk-pooling mechanisms may help attract enthusiastic subscribers to community-based health insurance schemes.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.571-584
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• 2005

The population concentration in the Capital region of Korea has become an important issue for the pursuit of the balanced regional human capital development. Considering migration both as a geographic and a social movement, migration to the capital region could be examined in the push factors and the selective migrant characteristics from the out-migration region. Their relative importance reveals that age and education level are important in almost all years, but the importance of the percentage of manufacturing sector and rural/urban region moves to the years of education, the percentage of unskilled occupation and manufacturing sector and unemployment ratio recently. Since the brain drain has been occurring under the highly unbalanced regional development in Korea, the results suggest that regional human capital investment should be accompanied with enlarging quality employment opportunities to reap the benefits.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.392-402
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• 2009

Objectives : The aims of this paper were to develop the composite deprivation index (CDI) for the sub-district (Eup-Myen-Dong) levels based on the theory of social exclusion and to explore the relationship between the CDI and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Methods : The paper calculated the age adjusted SMR and we included five dimensions of social exclusion for CDI; unemployment, poverty, housing, labor and social network. The proxy variables of the five dimensions were the proportion of unemployed males, the percent of recipients receiving National Basic Livelihood Security Act benefits, the proportion of households under the minimum housing standard, the proportion of people with a low social class and the proportion of single-parent household. All the variables were standardized using geometric transformation and then we summed up them for a single index. The paper utilized the 2004-2006 National Death Registry data, the 2003-2006 national residents' registration data, the 2005 Population Census data and the 2005-2006 means-tested benefit recipients' data. Results : The figures were 115.6, 105.8 and 105.1 for the CDI of metropolitan areas (big cities), middle size cities and rural areas, respectively. The distributional variation of the CDI was the highest in metropolitan areas (8.9 - 353.7) and the lowest was in the rural areas (26.8 - 209.7). The extent and relative differences of deprivation increased with urbanization. Compared to the Townsend and Carstairs index, the CDI better represented the characteristics of rural deprivation. The correlation with the SMR was statistically significant and the direction of the CDI effects on the SMR was in accordance with that of the previous studies. Conclusions : The study findings indicated mortality inequalities due to the difference in the CDI. Despite the attempt to improve deprivation measures, further research is warranted for the consensus development of a deprivation index.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.113-124
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• 2019

With the decline in the college student population and the increase in the youth unemployment rate, the university began to be interested in starting a business. Under the initiative of the government, the start-up support project was reflected in the university's educational programs, which led to the university students receiving various start-up support benefits. In response to the expansion of entrepreneurship education, various entrepreneurship education programs and support programs were applied in line with the government's efforts to start college students. As a result, students' entrepreneurial competence and willingness to start up increased. College student entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs are increasing. The increase of university student start-up companies is taking place in the entrepreneurial education environment within the university, and the support of university, community, and start-up support institutions for university student start-up, the starting point of the start-up ecosystem, is paying off. It can be seen that the youth entrepreneurship ecosystem based on university entrepreneurship education is in place. The university supports the entire business process from idea development, such as start-up classes, start-up club support, patent application support, prototype development support, and investment linkage. However, there is a university that develops and operates a unique program for each school and a university that does not. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an education program that can produce efficient results. The purpose of this study is to support the start-up program of the university to be the consumer-centered start-up support.