• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

Lately, various nations including the U.S. and China aim to decrease air pollutants in port areas. As the number of vessels as ports increases, the volume of cargo and air pollutants emitted from vessels are also increasing. Therefore, the social responsibility of port construction, shipping companies and terminal operators is becoming important. Alternate Maritime Power(AMP) is an anti-pollution measure which helps in reducing air pollution generated from diesel generators by using shore electric power. This study compares the AMP tariff and Bunk Fuel tariff at berth in order to determine how to operate an efficient offshore power supply facility in Gwangyang Port.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.17-35
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• 2022

The Pandemic crisis caused by COVID-19 has raised awareness of the importance of supply chain risk management, such as the control of movement between countries and the simultaneous manufacturing paralysis in the world. Effective risk management within the supply chain of the company is a core competency in the global environment. Therefore, this study quantitatively analyzed the perspective of domestic large corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by using the hierarchical analysis method (AHP) to identify the factors that should be considered as the priority when establishing supply chain risk management plans for large and small business employees. In order to conduct the study, a survey was conducted on large corporations and small and medium enterprises in Gyeongnam and Busan, and AHP analysis was conducted using Microsoft 365 excel program. In addition, Mann-Whitney U test (independent sample-nonparametric test) was conducted using SPSS/18 version of statistical package program for comparative analysis between groups. As a result, the priority was highly evaluated in the order of financial ability, competitiveness, disaster in the overall priority evaluation. There were statistically significant differences in internal risk and strategic decision making of supply chain between groups. This suggests that fandemics such as COVID-19 can not be predicted, but strategic responses are needed to utilize opportunities expressed in the crisis through supply chain risk management and to increase the competitive advantage of domestic companies even in the crisis.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.563-568
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• 2003

Currently, the adoption of FTZ( Free Trade Zone) has been recognized as one of the most important strategies for becoming hub port in the world. For this reason, various policies for successful implementation and adoption of FTZ have been presented, and u special law related this FTZ was actually built in 1999. In the mean time, a port logistics industry is deeply related to the successful implementation of FTZ. However, although many research about FTZ have been conducted, there have been little previous studies about port logistics firms and FTZ. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate a market structure of firms related to Port Logistics effectively and to analyze the perception of these firms about FTZ in Busan.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.978-987
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• 2015

This study investigates the awareness levels of Korean textile companies and develops appropriate response plans for the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement. The study also explores practical and realistic directions that the Korean textile industry must initiate. A qualitative study was conducted on 10 individuals for a more in-depth and demonstrative understanding that provide a better awareness on the responses of the textile industry towards the Korea-US FTA. The results of this study are as follows. First, the effect of the Korea-US FTA on the textile industry was insignificant. Second, industry members determined that fabric sectors and specialized fabrics (such as industrial materials and finished clothing products) could realize benefits through the Korea-US FTA. Third, industry members emphasize that the current focus is on FTAs by countries that have solidified their positions as manufacturing and sewing bases for the US and Europe (such as Southeast Asia) and not the Korea-US FTA. Based on results acquired through this study, the response measures to enter the U.S. market are as follows. First, the industry must develop high-performance and high value-adding direct export products suited to the needs of the US market in order to realize the benefits of the Korea-US FTA. Second, the industry and government must cooperate to actively host and participate in overseas trade shows that can actively open sales channels within the US. Third, the self-sustainability of textile companies must be cultivated through continuous and focused government training.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.79-100
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the market power of the Korea Container Shipping Market (Intra Asia, Korea-Europe, and Korea-U.S.) to verify the existence of collusion empirically, and to answer whether the joint actions of liner market participants in Korea have formed market dominance for each route. Precisely, it will be verified through the Lerner index as to whether the regional market of Asia is a monopoly, oligopoly, or perfect competition. Design/methodology - This study used a Lerner index adjusted with elasticity presented in the New Imperial Organization (NEIO) studies. NEIO refers to a series of empirical studies that estimate parameters to judge market power from industrial data. This study uses B-L empirical models by Bresnahan (1982) and Lau (1982). In addition, NEIO research data statistically contain self-regression and stability problems as price and time series data. A dynamic model following Steen and Salvanes' Error Correction Model was used to solve this problem. Findings - The empirical results are as follows. First, λ, representing market power, is nearly zero in all three markets. Second, the Korean shipping market shows low demand elasticity on average. Nevertheless, the markup is low, a characteristic that is difficult to see in other industries. Third, the Korean shipping market generally remains close to perfect competition from 2014 to 2022, but extreme market power appears in a specific period, such as COVID-19. Fourth, there was no market power in the Intra Asia market from 2008 to 2014. Originality/value - Doubts about perfect competition in the liner market continued, but there were few empirical cases. This paper confirmed that the Korea liner market is a perfect competition market. This paper is the first to implement dynamics using ECM and recursive regression to demonstrate market power in the Korean liner market by dividing the shipping market into Deep Sea and Intra Asia separately. It is also the first to prove the most controversial problems in the current shipping industry numerically and academically.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.119-133
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to establish the basic concepts for franchise agreements in consideration of both theoretical and practical conditions, to set the parameters for the discussion regarding the practical business matters pertaining to franchise agreements, and to analyze the criteria for determining the illegality of unfair trade practices based on research into actual practices in franchise transactions and on case studies of the implementation of laws by the Fair Trade Commission. The study aims to thereby contribute to the stabilization of laws in franchise transactions, benefiting all parties including franchise-related institutions, participants in franchise transactions, and related consumers. In conclusion, even in cases where regulatory exceptions are applied within the Fair Franchise Transactions Act when determining the illegality of franchised businesses, it is impossible to eliminate illegality unless all necessary and sufficient conditions have been included, and even if the procedure for evading illegality has been undertaken, illegality may not be eliminated unless the contents thereof are legitimate.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the changes in investment motivation by year through time series and cross-sectional analysis of the factors and investment decisions of Korean manufacturing companies. According to the investment pattern for Asean from the 1980s to the 19th, the first expansion period was 82 to 86, the average increase in overseas investment for securing foreign raw materials due to the second oil shock, and the second expansion period was a gradual increase in exports to the U.S. in 1987 to 1996. During the first stagnation period, direct investment in Asean stagnated in the aftermath of the 1998-05 Asian crisis, and in the third expansion period, part of the production facilities invested in China were relocated to Asean, increasing Asean's investment to become Korea's largest manufacturing investment in 17. Korea's proportion of investment in Asean surpassed that of mass investment since 10 years ago, and the proportion of investment in manufacturing sector has been transferred from China to Asean, and after 17 years, it has served as an overseas production base connecting China. As such, The main purpose of the research will be to extract the determinant factors and key factors for overseas direct investment and investment patterns in conjunction with global manufacturing companies' production base relocation and investment trends through empirical analysis. This research paper gave basic reference to the motivation and determinant of investment 16 years ago, and analyzed the changes in investment motivation by year and content through empirical analysis, contributing some reasonable purpose to the decision of companies and policy makers interested in overseas direct investment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.585-610
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• 2012

There have been various attempt to offer commercial service of electronic payment. Actually, however, there has been few electronic payment model that are being used commercial service. Among them, it is estimated that only TSU(Trade Service Utility) of SWIFT will be succeed in providing commercial service possibility. In Korea e-L/C Distribution & Management System was constructed and become the first e-L/C service on a global basis via e-Trade Facilitation 3 Years Project and then started offering the world first e-L/C service. Some scholars have insisted the opinion that SWIFT L/C means e-L/C, but such opinion may be wrong because SWIFT L/C means the L/C advised by SWIFT(Society for Worldwid Interbank Financial Telecommunication) under the condition that a series of procedure from the issuance of L/C to the advice is done by SWIFT system. Because perfect e-L/C should be organically connected by SWIFT network and also, the e-L/C business between overseas banks and their customers should be organically linked with each other. The purpose of this paper is contribute to the commercialization of e-L/C distribution system by studying the current status of infrastructure concerned with domestic and overseas electronic payment and future e-payment infrastructure, seeking to be introduced internationally by doing things.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.22
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• pp.77-106
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• 2003

As globalization of communication is going on and as the media have become increasingly central to the world economy, media policy matters have become the province of world economic organizations like the IMF and the WTO. The WTO service negotiation is focused primarily on the discriminatory and quantitative barriers associated with the trade of audiovisual services. Domestic measures such as subsidization, content regulation including quotas, and licensing requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership and control are at issues here. These measures have been successfully implemented by countries wishing to withstand competition from the American audiovisual industry. The debate about trade in audiovisual services is permeated by the unstated assumption that these programs are pure commodities whose production, distribution, exhibition and in turn, values are solely determined by the market forces. It is therefore presumed that liberalization of trade in audiovisual services will benefit all, serving cultural pluralism and diversity as well as economic efficiency. However, this assumption is not shared by developing countries, the recipients of U.S. television material. They argue audiovisual sector requires a social and cultural approach, since it plays a key role in the preservation of people's identity and social bonds. They claim that it is the each state's right to define its media policy and to implement it through the means it considers fit. These clashing views over the nature of the audiovisual material and the ways in which protect cultural pluralism and diversity do not confine to be the realm of theoretical debate. Each state's interest and motivation to protect its local industry and to have a competitive advantage in the international market is working in this battle. Consolidation with the countries like Australia, Canada, and EU nations, in favour of cultural exemption, seems to be the best policy for us. However, we are not entirely free from the WTO pressures, considering relation to the U. S. This study analyzes Korean Broadcasting Law compared with those of other OECD countries and tries to propose some strategical guidelines facing WTO service negotiation in the area of broadcasting.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 1987

U. S. commercial landings of wild salmon have remained relatively stable for the past 5 years, averaging 300,000 MT. While the same period, U. S. imports of fresh salmon have increased over ten fold from 1.8 to over 19 million pounds. Over 70 percent of the new supplies of fresh salmon come from Norway. Norway exports to the United States were negligible in 1980 and 1981. However, U. S. imported 1,768 M. T. in 1983, 3,896 M. T. in 1984, and 6,272 M. T. in 1985. Over the past 5 years, import price of fresh wild salmon from Canada has declined steadily from ＄2.58 per pound to ＄1.25 per pound in 1985, while those from Norway had remained unchanged, ranging from ＄3.28 to ＄3.45 over the same period. Norway's cultured salmon entered the United States in 1985 at about ＄3.35/1b., roughly triple the price of Canadian fresh wild salmon imports. U. S. apparent consumption of fresh and frozen salmon has sharply increased from 50,000 MT in 1981 to 92,000 MT in 1985, up 86 percent over the five years. Annual per capita consumption has increased steadily from 0.47 pounds in 1981 to 0.85 pounds in 1985. The estimated demand models show that the annual wholesale price of fresh salmon in the U. S. market would be declined by increase in supplies and would be raised by increase in the U. S. GNP. The empirical results in this study show that wholesale price of fresh salmon in 1990 would remain unchanged at the 1985 level, under the following condition: 1) Norwegian production of Atlantic fresh salmon would reach 80,000 MT (176 million pounds by 1990) 2) Imports of Norwegian Atlantic fresh salmon would keep the same percentage (21%) of Norwegian productions in 1990 3) Imports from other countries and U. S. domestic production would increase and maintain the same level of 25% of U. S. total supplies in 1990 4) U. S. GNP would increase by ＄200 billion annually, slightly less than in the past years.