• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2021

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an increasingly recognized form of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) is now classified as a human MUC1 mucin protein, and regenerating type II pneumocytes are the primary cellular source of KL-6/MUC1 in the affected lungs of patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Serum KL-6/MUC1 levels have been demonstrated to be useful for the evaluation of various ILD. To determine the role of circulating KL-6 in evaluating the disease activity and management of HP. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 patients with HP and 20 healthy controls. Serum KL-6 levels were measured in both groups. Patients were further assessed based on chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function test, 6-minute walk test, echocardiography, bronchioalveolar lavage, and/or transbronchial biopsy. Patients were divided into the fibrotic and non-fibrotic groups according to the HRCT findings. Results: The median serum KL-6 levels were significantly higher in HP patients as compared to the control group. The median serum KL-6 levels were found to be higher in the non-fibrotic HP group (1,900 IU/mL) as compared to the fibrotic group (1,200 IU/mL). There was a significant inverse correlation between serum KL-6 serum level and the dose of steroids as well as the duration of steroid therapy. Conclusion: The presence of higher KL-6 levels in the non-fibrotic HP group implies its enhanced production by regenerating pneumocytes in response to alveolar injury. The significant association between serum KL-6 levels and the dose and the duration of steroid therapy emphasizes the significant role of steroids in the stabilization of the disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Effects of Panax ginseng on allergic reactions were studied uslng various in vivo and in vitro experimental models such as 48-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, mediators-induced skin reactions, histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells, and lipoxygenase assay . In all of anti-allergic experiments we conducted, ginseng components (50% ethanol extract or ginseng total saponin or ginsenosides) extracted from Korean red ginseng, did not show significant anti-allergic actions. In 48-hr passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and mediators-induced skin reactions, 50% ethanol extract did not suppress hypersensitivity reactions. Total saponin, 50% ethanol extract, and 8 major ginsenosides did not show inhibitory effects on lipoxygeanse activity. Ginseng total saponin did not inhibit histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. All of the ginseng components mentioned above were also tested on RBL-2H3 cells, but none of them inhibited hexosaminidase release from this cell line. These results suggest that Panax ginseng does not have effects on allergic reactions at the level of 50% ethanol extract or total saponin used. All of 8 major saponin components tested ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$), did not inhibit lipoxygenase activity and degranulation events.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.185-191
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• 2006

Background: Based on outstanding progresses in animal experiments, vaccines for some human tumors have been developed. However, clinical effects of these vaccines have been far below than expected. This discrepancy might come from differences between animal models and human patients with respect to immunocompetency. The immune status of mice after tumor inoculation has not been well studied, which make us cautious in interpreting and applying the results from mice to human. We evaluated cell-mediated immune responses in mice after tumor cell inoculation. Methods: Mice were inoculated with TA3Ha, CT26, or 4T1. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were induced 2-4 weeks after inoculation using 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene as an antigen. The relationships between the severity of DTH responses and the duration of tumor inoculation or the size of tumor mass were analyzed. Results: In T A3Ha groups, DTH response was elevated 2 weeks after inoculation, but depressed after 4 weeks, compared to the control group. When analyzed based on the sizes of tumor masses elicited, DTH responses were inversely related to the mass size, especially in those greater than 10 mm in diameter. In CT26 groups, while the duration after inoculation did not affect the severity of DTH responses, those with large mass showed depressed responses regardless the duration of inoculation. 4T1 cells grew so slowly that the size of tumor mass was small even 4 weeks after inoculation, and this group showed much higher DTH responses compared to that of tumor-free group. Conclusion: At least in an experimental setting where tumor model was induced by inoculating tumor cell lines into immunologically competent mice, the host immune response was elevated in early stage, and then depressed in late stage when the mass grew over a critical size.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1986

The immunopotentiating effect of ethanol extract, butanol fraction and petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng on the immunotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene were investigated in mice. A single administration of benzo(a)pyrene induced an apparent but relatively transient reduction in HY titer, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity, rosette forming cell and natural killer cell activity Ethanol extract very significantly restored HY titer, Arthus reaction. RFC and natural killer cell activity. Butanol fraction have no effect. But petroleum ether extract very significantly restored humoral and cellular immune response and especially natural killer cell activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2007

There have been various animal models of skin inflammation. These models have been used for establishing anti-inflammatory activity of the topical agents including cosmetics. Here, the molecular mechanisms of most widely-used animal models of skin inflammation including contact irritation, acute and chronic inflammation, and delayed-type hypersensitivity are summarized. Against these animal models, varieties of plant flavonoids showed anti-inflammatory activity. The action mechanisms of anti-inflammation by topical flavonoids are presented. A therapeutic potential of flavonoids is discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.343-355
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• 2002

Background : Although Samsoeum has been used frequently on allergic rhinitis, but there isn't any experimental research for that. Objective : This study was performed to investigate the anti-allergic effects of Samsoeum and Samsoeumgamibang. Materials and Methods : Katayama's method was used to observe the vascular permeability response induced by serotonin and histamine. Muller's method was used to observe the contact dermatitis response induced by picryl chloride. Miller's method was used to observe the delayed type hypersensitivity response to SRC. Results : 1. In the vascular permeability response to intradermal injection of serotonin, 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeum(蔘蘇飮), 1,300 and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeumgamibang(蔘蘇飮加味方) showed significant inhibitory effects on the leakage of Evan's blue solution. 2. In the vascular permeability response to intradermal injection of histamine, 1,300 and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeum, also 1,300 and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group Samsoeumgamibang showed significant inhibitory effects on the leakage of Evan's blue solution. 3. In the contact dermatitis response induced by picryl chloride, 1,300 and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeum, 1,300 and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeumgamibang showed significant inhibitory effects on ear swelling formation. 4. In the delayed type hypersensitivity response to SRC. 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeum and 2,600mg/kg, p.o. group of Samsoeumgamibang showed significant inhibitory effects on foot swelling. Conclusion : This study shows that Samsoeum and Samsoeumgamibang may have anti-allergic effects. So Samsoeum and Samsoeurngamibang can be helpful to treat allergic rhinitis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary fat content and degree of saturation on the function of the immune system. Sixty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 17g were divided into three dietary groups: 5% safflower oil group, 20% safflower oil group, 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Food intake and body weight were measured every day. At 4th, 7th, 10th week after dietary treatment, organ weight measurements, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were performed. Results are follows; 1) Body weight, food intake and calorie intake were not different in the three dietary groups during the experimental period($\alpha$=0.05). 2) Liver weight was significantly higher in 5% safflower oil group($\alpha$=0.05). Spleen index was slightly higher in mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil. Thymus index in all mice was decreased by aging. 3) Delayed-type hypersensitivity of the mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 20% safflower oil. 4) The number of plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in all group($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no difference in plaque forming cell among three groups at 10th week, 5% safflower oil group showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 20% safflower oil group at 7th week. 5) At 4th week, agglutination test seems to be higher in 5% safflower oil group and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group compared to 20% safflower oil group. 6) Percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was slightly reduced in 20% safflower oil group. 7) Spleen tissue was not affected by and dietary treatments. According to our results, the higher the fat content & unsaturation of the diet the lower the cell-mediated immunity of the mice. Humoral-immunity did not appear to be affected by the dietary manipulation. However humoral-immunity was decreased significantly by aging in all dietary groups.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.231-256
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• 1998

Experimental studies were done to research the clinical effects of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang on the Anti-allergic effect and pulmonary function of $O_3$ intoxicated Rats. Anti-allergic effect experiment consisted of vascular permeability responses to intradermal histamine and serotonin, 48hrs homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis provoked by the IgE-like antibody against egg white albumin, and delayed type hypersensitivity responses to Picryl Chloride and SRBC. Pulmonary function of $O_3$ intoxicated Rats experiment consisted of lung TBA value, water Contents of the lung, oxygen consumption time, and arterial blood $pCO_2,\;pO_2,\;HCO_3^-$, pH level. The results obtained as follows; 1. In the effects of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang on vascular permeability responses to intradermal histamine, both of chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang group revealed significant effect. 2. In the effects of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang on vascular permeability responses to intradermal serotonin, both of chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang group revealed significant effect. 3. In the 48hrs homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis provoked by the IgE-like antibody against egg white albumin, Chihyosan groups revealed significant effect, but Chihyosangamibang groups revealed none significant effect. 4. In the delayed type hypersensitivity responses to Picryl Chloride, Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed none significant effect. 5. In the delayed type hypersensitivity responses to. SRBC, Chihyosan revealed none significant effect, but Chihyosankamibang revealed significant effect. 6. Both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed significant effect on decrease of the lung TBA value of lung. 7. Both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed significant effect on decrease of the water contents of right and left lung. 8. Both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed significant effect on decrease of oxygen consumption time. 9. In the decrease effect of arterial blood $pCO_2$ level, both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed none significant effect. 10. In the increase effect of arterial blood $pO_2$ level, both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed none significant effect. 1. In the decrease effect of arterial blood $HCO_3^-$ level, both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang groups revealed significant effect. 12. In the increase of arterial blood pH level, Chihyosangamibang groups revealed none significant effect, but Chihyosan groups revealed significant effect. According to above stated results, both of Chihyosan and Chihyosangamibang are very usefully for treatment of cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and allergic pulmonary diseases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

Objectives: We established a Wistar rat model of asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure, and investigated the relationship between TDI exposure concentrations and respiratory hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and cytokine secretions in animals, to better understand the mechanism of TDI induced occupational asthma. Methods: Wistar rats were exposed to two different concentrations of TDI vapor four hours a day for five consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and differential leucocytes from the BAL fluid were analyzed. Lung histopathological examination was carried out to investigate the inflammatory status in the airways. Production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 productions in the BAL fluid in vivo was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: The TDI-exposed rats exhibited greater airway hypersensitivity symptoms than the control rats. The BAL differential cell count and lung histopathological examination demonstrated that inflammation reactions were present in both the central and peripheral airways, characterized with marked infiltration of eosinophils in the TDI-exposed rats. The cytokine assay showed that IL-4 and IL-5 were predominantly produced in the BAL fluid in vivo. Conclusions: These findings imply that TDI exposure concentrations may greatly affect the occurrence and extent of inflammatory events and that Th2 type cytokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of TDI-induced occupational respiratory hypersensitivity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.528-543
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• 1993

Vitamin E, which has its advocates in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. autoimmune disease, cancer and peripheral vascular and thromboembolic disease, has now been alleged to have a powerful antioxident effect and to affect various biological activities such as fertility factor, inhibition of human platelet aggregation and stabilization of biological membranes. The present study was designed to test whether vitamin I(alpha-tocopherol) can : (1) enhance the hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), (2) modulate Arthus and delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) to SRBC and contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). (3) enhance the mitogenic response of murine splenocyte, (4) decrease the recovery of Cryptococcus neoformans from brain, lung, liver, spleen and kidney of infected mice and (5) have an inhibitory or enhancing effect on the induction of active systemic anaphylaxis(ASA) induced by chicken-gamma globulin (CGG) in mice. Mice were given either intramuscular injections of 0.3ml (300mg) of vitamin I before immunization or were infection for 10 consecutive days or were given by vitamin I esophageal intubation, 0.1ml(100mg), for 20 days before sacrifice for the mitogenic response experiments. It was found that vitamin E treated mice showed a significant enhancement in hemagglutinin response, Arthus reaction and DTH to SRBC and contact hypersensitivity to DNFB. There was no significant difference in the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin(PHA), but the response to concanavalin A(ConA) or pokeweed mitogem(PWM) was increased in vitamin E-treated mice. Interestingly, the vitamin E administration before C. neoformans infection decreased significantly the recovery of C. neoformans from brain lung, liver, spleen and kidney of the infected mice as compared with that of the control mice, strongly suggesting that vitamin E pretreatment may increase the resistance of mice to the fungal infection. Unexpectedly, vitamin E administration enhanced the production of CGG -induced ASA. Taken together, it can be concluded that vitamin I administration may in-crease the humoral and cellular immune response and resistance. to C. neoformans infection, but enhance the induction of ASA to CGG. Further studies are necessary to clarify the underlying mechanism accounting for these effects.