• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 2013

To verify the multiplication of microorganisms on the surface of strawberries, the fate of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ at different temperatures, times and strawberry extract concentrations were measured. The population of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ rapidly increased by 7.36~7.78 log CFU/g at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr and slowly increased by 6.49~8.49 log CFU/g at $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr. However, E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ did not grow at $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ on the surface of the strawberries, regardless of the contact times with the bacterial suspension. E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ reached 1.52~3.26 log CFU/g at $20^{\circ}C$ as the contact frequency increased from two to six times. The contact frequencies did not significantly differ. In the case of the six-time contact on the surface of the strawberry at 25 and $30^{\circ}C$, the E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ increased by 5.17 and 5.01 log CFU/g. The effects of the strawberry extracts on the growth of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ showed that sterilization and non-sterilization do not affect the growth of microorganisms for 96 hr. In the minimal broth, the growth of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ increased by 1 log CFU/g for 96 hr. In less than 50 percent of the strawberry extracts, the growth rate of E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ was higher than in the control and increased by 4 and 5 log CFU/g at 50 and 25 percent of strawberry extracts, respectively. Therefore, E. coli $DH5{\alpha}::gfp$ can multiply and survive on the surface of strawberries when it comes into contact with the fruit extract.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1992

This experiment was designed to gain information on factors affecting stubble death of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) during the first rainy season. According to the experimental plan, the effects of sowing methods, drainages and cutting dates on the stubble carbohydrate content of orchardgrass, available soil moisture content of experimental plots, temperatures at the ground level and in the soil, and relative light intensity and humidity at the base of orchardgrass canopy were measured during the rainy season. The carbohydrate content of orchardgrass was sharply decreased to 2.9 % at 3rd day after cutting in the plots cut before rainy season and a gradural recovery was noted following the sharp reduction, but in the plots cut after rainy season, orchardgrass showed 5.5% of carbohydrate content before cutting and 3.0% at the 3rd day after cutting. The same pattern in both carbohydrate reduction and recovery was found between two cutting treatments. The available soil moisture content in the plots cut before rainy season was slightly higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. But after the rainy season, the available soil moisture content in the plots cut after rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut before rainy season. Soil temperature at lOcm depths in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season. Daily maximum air temperature at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was higher than that in the plots cut after rainy season and changeable. Relative humidity at the ground level was below 70% in the plots cut before rainy season, but 75 to 90 % was observed in the plots cut after rainy season. Relative light intensity at the ground level in the plots cut before rainy season was much higher, recorded 50 to 90 %, than that in the plots cut after rainy season showing less than 10%. The results of this study suggest that the stubble death of orchardgrass during the rainy season is due to plant diseases influenced by a decrease of light penetration and increase of relative humidity at the base of the grass canopy.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Cryopreservation of germ cells from genetically proven animals could be a source of restoration tools from the risk of extinction or disappearance of wanted characteristics. Using frozen semen, the genetic gains of Korean native cattle have been increased greatly for 70 years. The preservation of genetic resources as a form of frozen semen straw has limited availability due to the numbers. To circumvent this weakness of frozen semen, we tested two re-freezing methods with different initial thawing temperatures using frozen Korean proven semen and rare breed semen from albino, black and chikso breeders. It has been known that human sperm could resist to cryo-damages by repeated freeze-thaw cycles, but not for Korean proven bulls number (KPN) or for rare breeds. Total 7 frozen semem from brindled(2), black(1), Korean Albino(2) and KPN(1) bulls were used for our research. After thawing straws under $5^{\circ}C/2min$ or $37^{\circ}C/40sec$ with low temperature water bath and thermo jug, spermatozoa were re-diluted with triladyl diluents after first thawing and re-frozen. Sperm motilities were compared between animals and treated groups after re-thawing. Mean values of motility and viability of refrozen/thawed sperm for expansion of the number of straws were significantly higher in $5^{\circ}C$ than in $37^{\circ}C$ (P < 0.05). However, the activity of viable sperm thawed at $5^{\circ}C$ was significantly decreased before refreezing. It is estimated that re-freezing of frozen semen from rare Korean native cattle is possible with resistant properties of survived spermatozoa.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.384-394
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• 2019

We have investigated the effects of ambient temperature on the growth of wheat in Korea. The differences in the growth phase of wheat were compared according to the temperature treatment. The productive tiller number and dry weight were decreased in a plot under a higher temperature treatment. We found that the growth of Jinpum was different from that of the alternative wheat cultivars, which were bred in Korea, at 50 days after treatment. While the Jinpum wheat grown at 17℃ showed vegetative stage growth, that grown in the 23℃ growth chamber entered the heading and flowering stage. The differences in the expression of 16 genes known to be involved in high-temperature responses were checked by using Jinpum wheat 50 days after two temperature treatments (17℃ and 23℃), which showed apparent differences in expression between the higher and lower temperatures during the growth phase. In the 23℃ treatment samples, the genes with increased expression were HSP70, HSP101, VRN2, ERF1, TAA1, YUCCA2, GolS, MYB73, and Histone H2A, while the genes with decreased expression were VRN-A1, DREB2A, HsfA3, PIF4, PhyB, HSP17.6CII, rbcL, and MYB73. YUCCA2, HSP101, ERF1, and VRN-A1 showed a significant difference in gene expression between lower- and higher-temperature conditions. Overall, combining the means of the expression of various genes involved in thermosensing, vernalization, and abiotic stresses, it is possible to conclude that different sets of genes are involved in vernalization and summer depression of wheat under long term, high ambient temperature conditions.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensory characteristic quality of commercial milk brands selling in the market under the preservation at the temperature of $7^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ stored during the period of shelf-life. Quantitative descriptive analysis after developing of descriptive terms and cluster characterization by PCA analysis over a total of 128 LTLT, HTST, UHT and UHT-ESL milks, were conducted by 8 trained panelists. A total of fourteen attributes; three aroma attributes (grassy, milky, cultured milk aroma) and seven flavor/taste attributes (sweet, salty, sour, milk, cooked, cheesy, paper board) and one aftertaste attributes (rancid flavor) and one texture attributes (viscous), were developed as descriptive terms. Significant differences (P<0.01) in the sensory attributes; sweet, milky, cheesy etc. in UHT milk and sour, cheesy, paper board, rancid etc. in UHT-ESL milk were also found between the two different temperatures within the shelf life, but both type of pasteurized milk samples (LTLT and HTST) showed significant differences (P<0.01) in the attributes, such as cultured milk aroma, salty, sour, cheesy, rancid in LTLT milk and grassy, milky, salty in HTST milk and difference (P<0.05) in cultured milk aroma for HTST milk. Therefore, from the viewpoint of not only hygienic quality but also sensory characteristics, it is required for the better acceptance of milk consumers to amendment on the regulation in relation to the preservation standard of pasteurized milk as well as UHT milk to lower than $7^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

The outdoor mass cultivation is not possible for microalgae in Korea all year round, due to cold winter season. It is not easy to maintain proper level of productivity of microalgae even in winter. To prevent a drastic decrease of temperature in a greenhouse, two layers were covered additionally, inside the original plastic layer of the greenhouse. The middle layer was made up of plastic and the inner layer, of non-woven fabric. Acrylic transparent bioreactors were constructed to get more sunlight, not only from the upper side but also from the lateral and bottom directions. In winter at freezing temperatures, six different culture conditions were compared in the triply covered, insulated greenhouse. Wastewater after anaerobic digestion was used for the cultivation of microalgae to minimize the production cost. Water temperature in the bioreactors remained above $10^{\circ}C$ on average, even without any external heating system, proving that the triple-layered greenhouse is effective in keeping heat. Algal biomass reached to 0.37g $L^{-1}$ with the highest temperature, in the experimental group of light-reflection board at the bottom, with nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate of 92% and 99%, respectively. When fatty acid composition was analyzed using gas-chromatography, linoleate (C18 : 3n3) occupied the highest proportion up to 61%, in the all experiment groups. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), however, did not decrease during the cultivation, but rather increased. Although the algal biomass productivity was not comparable to warm seasons, it was possible to maintain water temperature for algae cultivation even in the coldest season, at the minimum cost.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2010

A total of 25 isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi were obtained from diseased rice plants in Korea from 2006 to 2007 to assess their resistance against fungicides prochloraz and benomyl + thiram. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of F. fujikuroi isolates were examined by agar dilution method. Most of the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides. Out of 25 isolates, six were resistant to prochloraz and three to benomyl + thiram. In addition, the isolates CF245, CF249 and CF337 showed resistant to both fungicides. The progenies ($F_1$ isolates) obtained through two different crosses between sensitive parental isolates(CF202, CF232 and CF179) and resistant parental isolate (CF337) were evaluated for their mycelial growth at different temperatures and resistance against fungicides. Mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 was similar to the parental isolates. However mycelial growth rate of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was faster than their parent isolates. In case of prochloraz, distribution ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 and CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 86 : 14 and 78 : 22, respectively. In case of benomyl+thiram, all the $F_1$ isolates originated from CF202 $\times$ CF232 were sensitive to the fungicide, however ratio of sensitivity(S) to resistance(R) against to the fungicide of $F_1$ isolates originated from CF179 $\times$ CF337 was 35 : 65.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

Objective : This empirical research is performed to recognize diagnostic concept, pattern identification, and clinical features of Hwa-byung. In other words, the aims of this research are to examine the differences of the diagnosis between Hwa-Byung and the other psychiatric disorders, and to find out pattern identification, and clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung for prescriptions of this syndrome. Method : In the experiment, there were participated 30 patients who were met for our criterions according to HBDIS (Hwa-Byung Diagnostic interview Schedule). These patients were diagnosed as Axis1 according to criterions of DSM-IV with administering SCID-I. OMS-prime was utilized for finding out pattern identification of oriental medicine. Symptom Check List-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Hemilton rating Scale for Depression(HRSD), Heart Rate Variability(HRV), and Digital Infrared Thermographic imaging(D.I.T.I.) were also utilized to discover clinical characteristics of Hwa-Byung Patients. Results : 1. Regarding Sex-ratio, male subjects were 3(10%), and female subjects are 27(90%). The age of subjects ranged from 22 year old to 75 $(51.87{\pm}11.04;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ 2. In the results of diagnosis on the basis of DSM-IV, the 17(56.67%) patients were MOD (Major Depressive Disorder), the 5(16.67%) patients were USD (Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder), the 4(13.33%) patients were Dysthymic Disorder, the 3(10%) patients were GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder), and the 1(3.33%) was Panic Disorder. Two of the patients who diagnosed as MOD were diagnosed as Panic Disorder too, and one of them was diagnosed as Pain Disorder too. 3. Regarding pattern identification, Hwa-Byung is positively correlated to deficiency of Heart(心). and then to stagnancy of Liver-Gall bladder. Hwa-Byung is correlated deficiency symptom-complex rather than excessiveness symptom-complex. That is also correlated positively to Pathological heat and fire. 4. In SCL90-R, the mean of PSDI was $(75.3{\pm}10.7;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$. The each mean of the other 11 factors was distributed between50-70. 5. The mean of HRSD was $(17.9{\pm}5.6;\:Mean{\pm}SD)$ in the entire subject's group. Then the group of MDD was $20.9{\pm}4.4$ and the group of USD was $12.0{\pm}4.8$ 6. In the results of HRV. the mean of TP is $972.4{\pm}1174(Mean{\pm}SD)$, this is lower than normal range 1000-200. The other factors were within normal range. Then, there were no significant differences between them (p<0.05). 7. The temperatures of each acupoint have significant differences between HNl(印堂) and PC6(內關), between CV17(顫中) and PC6(內關), between HN1(印堂) and CV8(神闕), between CV17(顫中) and CV8(神闕) in comparison with the average of body temperature in the use of D.I.T.I. (p<0.01) 8. In the analysis of correlation between SCL-90-R, HRSD, HRV. and D.I.T.I. there were no significant results. According to results that the correlation was analyzed with only the MDD group as subjects, there was negative correlation between RMSSD of HRV and HRSD, between LF of HRV and PDSIof SCL-90-R, and between LF/HF of HRV and ANX, PSY, and PDSI of SCL-90-R. Conclusion : In the observation of clinical features of 30 cases of Hwa-Byung patients by using diverse structured tests, there could make diverse diagnosis as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and Somatoform Disorder. Particularly. MDD was highly distributed. Considering oriental medicine's pattern identification of Hwa-Byung, this syndrome is related strongly to Heart, and there were demonstrated deficiency symptom-complex, and Pathological heat and fire. One of the limits of this study is lack of control subject's group, therefore, in the future study, it requires reexamination through a comparative research with these data to complete this study.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2014

In this study, two commercial PCR and ELISA test kits were examined for identification of eight animal species (beef, pork, chicken, duck, turkey, goat, lamb, and horse) from raw meat and meat products in Korea. The detection limit in RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on three types of meat samples blended with beef, pork and chicken, demonstrated that all meat species were differentiable down to 0.2%. RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on animal species resulted in differentiation rate of 94.5% for beef, 93.3% for pork, 90% for lamb, and 100% for chicken, duck, turkey, goat, and horse. In contrast, Powercheck Animal Species ID PCR kit$^{TM}$ resulted in 100% specificity at 0.05% limit of detection for all meat species. The detection limit of Cooked Meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on mixed meat samples heat-treated with different temperatures and times, resulted in 0.1% for all heat-treated mixed meat except for chicken at 1.0%. Additionally, ELISA kit on sixty meat products resulted in specificity of 31.8% for ham, 13.6% for sausages, and 12.5% for ground processed products, and relatively low rate for more than 2 types of mixed meats. On the contrary, meat species differentiation using PCR kit showed higher percentage than that using ELISA kit$^{(R)}$: 50.0% for ham, 41.7% for sausages, and 28.6% for ground processed meat. Futhermore, PCR kit on 54 dried beef meats detected pork genes in 13 products whereas ELISA kit showed negative results for all products. Hence, the possibility of cross-contamination during manufacturing process was investigated, and it was found that identical tumblers, straining trays, cutters and dryers were used in both beef and pork jerky production line, suggesting the inclusion of pork genes in beef products due to cross-contamination. In this study, PCR and ELISA test kits were found to be excellent methods for meat species differentiation in raw meat and heat-processed mixed meat. However, lower differentiation rate demonstrated in case of meat processed products raised the possibility of inclusion of other species due to cross-contamination during manufacturing process.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2018

The pharmacokinetic properties of cefadroxil (CDX) were studied after oral administration for 7 days to cultured olive flounders (average 660 g), Paralichthys olivaceus. For examination of pharmaco-kinetic profiles, CDX of 45 to 225 mg/kg body weight was administered at two different water temperatures, $13{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ or $22{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. CDX concentrations were determined in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver by HPLC-MS/MS. Muscle samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post dose, whereas plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver concentrations were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-dosing. The kinetic profiles of $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $T_{1/2}$ of CDX were analyzed by fitting to a non-compartmental model with PKSolver program. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with oral administration of 45 and 225 mg/kg at 13 and $22^{\circ}C$ in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver, respectively: $C_{max}$ (maximum tissue concentration)=$985.98-5,032.86{\mu}g/kg$, $5,670.99-38,922.23{\mu}g/l$, $2,457.27-10,192.78{\mu}g/kg$, $886.04-3,070.87{\mu}g/kg$ and $1,188.15-3,814.33{\mu}g/kg$; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)= every 1 day; $MRT_{0-{\infty}}$ (mean residence time)= 1.51-4.74, 2.12-3.06, 4.25-13.18, 1.37-18.66 and 1.78-29.76 days; $T_{1/2}$ (half-life)= 1.08-3.47, 1.14-5.42, 3.56-10.99, 1.17-14.93 and 1.25-28.55 days.