• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.51-77
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• 2006

Pond management is a critical part of overall golf course management, both during growth and maintenance modes of turf care. This study investigated 48 ponds in nine 18- or 27-hole golf courses to analyze the environmental characteristics of ponds. The research process had three phases: (1) inventory and analysis of grading plans and drainage plans, (2) field verification and interviews with greenskeepers, and (3) analyses of water quality and statistics. All data were collected from May to August in 2004. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. It is desirable to site a golf course in a small watershed with high watershed eccentricity to control storm water runoff efficiently and to minimize soil erosion during construction. 2. The siting and size of a pond should be determined through a land-use analysis of the watershed for the purpose of ecological management. The bigger the forest-to-golf course ratio, the better the water quality will be. 3. The size and capacity of each individual ponds varied and there were many somewhat longish rather than round ponds. 4. There were many differences among golf courses in naturalness of the ponds, and the correlation between naturalness and area of aquatic plants was very high. 5. Analyses of pond water quality indicated that the degrees of Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demanded and Suspended Solids were relatively low values but Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen were too high. Therefore a systematic approach is needed to solve e problem. Pesticide residues were not detected in all ponds. 6. Water depth and area of hydrophyte should be considered when designing an ecological pond. 7. All ponds used storm water as a main source of water supply and added underground water. Aquatic plants and physical methods such as water aeration and spray fountains were the main choices for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.347-359
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• 1996

This study was carried out to find the plant succession stage on highway cut-slopes. In order to analyze succession stage, plant survey with belt transect method was carried out in 1989 and 1995 at Joongbu-highway cut-slopes. The results could be summarized as follows ; The mean plant coverage of cut-slope was 78.3%. Plant coverage of Lower part area was higher than that of upper part area. Pioneer herb species on cut-slope were Miscanthus spp., Arundinella spp., Artemisia spp. etc., and pioneer woody species were Rubus crataegifolius, Robinia pseudoacacia, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus spp. etc. Also, among the introduced turf grasses, Eragrostis curvula is the pioneer species. Due to short of maintenance works, Zoysia japonica which has been planted by sodding work was found to decrease or diminish gradually. The ratio of pioneer stage plants, domestic and introduced herb species, seems to decrease, while the ratio of woody species which are advanced stage plants seems to increase. Maintenance works are needed to management and monitoring of plant succession on cut-slope, and use of herb and woody species will be effective.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Traffic management is becoming an important issue in turfgrass practise on golf course. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined impact of different traffic times and types of fertilization. Traffic treatment was applied in morning (AM), noon, and afternoon (PM). Fertilizers used include faster-release fertilizer (21-17-17) and slow-release fertilizers (12-6-18, 11-3-22, 20-3-20, 10-3-10). Experiment was conducted from Oct. 1 to Nov. 30, 2005 on a nursery putting green of Incheon Grand Golf Club. The growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis polustris cv. 'Seaside II') were evaluated on visual leaf color, leaf texture, shoot density, and root length. The measurement at 20 days after treatment, turfgrass color and leaf texture showed the best result on 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic plot. Turf quality and traffic tolerance were not different at Am and Pm traffic treatment. However, traffic stress in early morning and late evening caused the most severe damage to the turfgrass. Shoot density was the highest in 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic treatment but root length was not different among treatments after 30 day measurement. Among the fertilizers, slow release fertilizer resulted in higher turf quality and traffic tolerance than fast release fertilizer, however, shoot density did not showed a significantly different. For the fast recuperation of turfgrass from traffic injury in the early winter, it is recommended to avoid early morning and late evening traffic such as cup replacement and other maintenance practise. It is also recommended to delay the first tee-up time and ending early for last tee time during cold weather season.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.572-577
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• 1999

Research was initiated to evaluate plant growth regulator effects on the vertical shoot growth of Korean lawngrass and to determine desirable growth regulator and its rate. The experiments were conducted twice at different sites in 1995. All the tested growth regulators inhibited the growth, but the inhibition period was variable among the product in Experiments I and II. During the first week after treatment, there was approximately 10 to 20% growth reduction in most of the treated plots. In the amidochlor-treated plots, growth suppression was effective for 3 to 4 weeks at low to medium rates ($0.60mL{\cdot}m^{-2}$). A Type II growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl exceeding the medium rate of $0.08mL{\cdot}m^{-2}$ consistently tended to suppress vertical shoot growth for 8 weeks, being above 35% reduction in both experiments. In the plots applied with mefluidide, growth suppression appeared with foliar discoloration 3 or 4 days earlier than the other growth regulators and continued to work till the 8 weeks after treatment. Suppression intensity on vertical shoot growth increased with time after treatment up to a certain period of time, depending on growth regulators. Generally, the higher the application rate, the greater the suppression intensity. Seasonal variation of activity and effectiveness of growth regulators was observed, resulting in lower suppression intensity in July than in June. It is expected to reduce mowing requirements by 30 to up to 60% for a certain period with a specific growth regulator. In low to medium maintenance of Korean lawngrass turf, a long-term suppression may be more effectively accomplished with trinexapac-ethyl rather than mefluidide and amidochlor in terms of vertical shoot growth inhibition. Therefore, turf managers will need to select proper growth regulator and determine optimum rate of application for turfgrass management, based on a defined period of mowing reduction.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to find the suitable putting green maintenance equipment for improving the quality of putting green. This study was carried out to investigate the green speed(i.e., ball roll distance) by different the types of greens mower(between work-behind greens mower and riding greens mower), the types of reel blades(between 9 blades and II blades) and the types of roller(between riding soil sprayer and lightweight roller). Green speed of golf course putting greens is assessed by use of Stimpmeter. The west course of Lakeside Country Club was selected for the case study. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The green speed was faster in 3.8 mm moving height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower than in 3.8 mm moving height treatment plot using riding greens mower right after the moving and even after eight hours had passed, and it was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, work-behind greens mower was judged to be a proper equipment type for the fast green management practice than riding greens mower. 2. The green speed was faster in 3.2 mm mowing height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower equipped with II blades than in 3.2 mm mowing height treatment plot using work-behind greens mower equipped with 9 blades, and this result was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, II-blade was judged to be a proper blade type for the fast green management practice than 9-blade. 3. The difference in green speed (green speed increased after rolling) between a treatment plot mowed at 3.0 mm mowing height with the work-behind greens mower and then rolled a single time with riding soil sprayer and a treatment plot mowed at 3.0 mm mowing height with the work-behind greens mower and then rolled once with lightweight roller was not statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. However, the difference in green speed (green speed decreased after rolling) between two treatment plots measured after eight hours had passed was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, the lightweight roller was judged to be a proper roller type for the fast green management practice than the riding soil sprayer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to suggest the growth characteristics, seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition of wildflower pasture. The experimental wildflower were 34 species (1 turfgrass species, 4 native wildflower species and 29 introduced wildflower species). The experiment were administered in the Chungnam National University experimental field from March, 2008 to December, 2009 and the result is as follows: the wildflower length were within the range of 8-60 cm and their up-and-down space arrangement quite good. They bloomed into several colors of nine but one or three of nine colors were biased during August, September, and October. Their anthesis was biased toward May and June, and their seasonal distribution and permanence maintenance were too difficult from August and moreover two years later (2009) because of the decrease of the botanical distribution of annual wildflower after winter, the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflower became a problem. The botanical composition of wildflower, turf grass, and weeds came to 24%, 62%, and 14% each one year later (2008) and two years later (2009) 16%, 69%, and 15% each. Being grounded upon this result, in case of wildflower pasture of spring seeding, it is more important to maintain the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflower two years later than in the establishment year.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant growth inhibitors on "Penncross" creeping bentgrass in the green of golf course for increasing the summer quality. Chlormequat chloride (C) 250$\times$, 500$\times$, 1000$\times$, daminozide (D) 50$\times$, 100$\times$, 200$\times$, paclobutralzol (P) 1000$\times$, 2000$\times$, 4000$\times$, trinexpac-ethyl (T) 1000$\times$, 2000$\times$, 4000$\times$, uniconazole (U) 25$\times$, 50$\times$, 100$\times$ with three concentrations, respectively, were applied to creeping bentgrass. The leaf length, leaf width, and internode length of stolon were inhibited by all plant growth retardants applied as compared to that of control in which D-50, T-2000, and trinexpac-ethyl were the most effective among treatments on the inhibition of leaf length and internode length of stolen, respectively. Leaf thickness increased more in the treatments of C-250, D-50. T-2000 and T-4000 than any other treatments. On the other hand, shoot density which was represented by number of leaves per unit area was found to be the highest in P-2000 and P-4000 treatment. In this case, all plant growth retardants with no significant differences showed increase of 15-20% in density as compared to control. Total dry weight increment was higher in P-2000 and P-4000 while leaf dry weight increment was higher in T-4000. and U-25 and 50 than other treatments. According to the visual evaluation for the purpose of turf quality measurement, it was found that paclo-butralzol, trinexpac-ethyl and uniconazole were not suitable for green maintenance and extension because of making leaves to yellow. In conclusion, it was postulated that C-250, D-50, and T-4000 had possibility to use practically in the green area of golf course.lf course.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2012

Korean lawn grass, which belongs to Zoysia genus in Gramineae family, is one of the major turfgrass which is widely adapted to its native niches in the temperate region of the north east Asia through tropical regions including Philippine, Thailand and Australia. The Turfgrass Information Center' database provides 5,340 descriptive records including 638 referred papers and 1,370 technical reports concerning 'Zoysia'. The database focused on researches on golf courses and lawn care industries. The researches provide informations on seed technology and use of plant protectant for pest management in turf management industries. The purpose of this study is to analyze and classify the research contents of zoysiagrasses which have been published in Korean journals. The total number of research papers published in Korean journals were 274 including 102, 38, and 134 in the 'Botanical', 'Environmental' and 'Cultural' researches, respectively. Publication in foreign journals by Korean investigators were not counted in this research. Research fields concerning golf course maintenance and plant protectant are believed to be necessary when compared to international trends. Moreover, advanced research efforts for the development of new cultivars with various environmental and disease resistance should be accomplished.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.368-375
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• 2015

Earthworm cast occurred in surface of turfgrass in golf courses which affect turfgrass maintenance and golf play. In this study several survey of seasonal fluctuation of earthworm cast in different golf courses (Anseong, Gapyeong, Gunpo and Yongin in Gyeonggi province, and Geumjeong in Busan) was done. A number of earthworm, soil temperature and moisture of detection site of earthworm cast in each golf course were also done. Cast occurred in different golf courses are found mostly from April to November on turf surface and the cast number varied in different month as well as in golf courses. In the same golf courses, a number of detected cast was difference from individual sites. A number of cast and earthworm was correlated. Also, in higher soil moisture showed the higher cast density in different golf courses. Soil temperature and moisture of detecting cast ranging from $2.1^{\circ}C$ to $33.1^{\circ}C$ and 4.9 to 44.1%, respectively. In case of cast, soil temperature level lies in between $10-15^{\circ}C$ where the highest soil moisture was 25%.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1998

Wear simulator로 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 (Agrostis palustris Huds.) 훼어웨이에서 관수방법·예지물 순환 및 질소시비수준의 여러 가지 잔디관리 요인이 엽조직 및 토양질소 함유량에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구포장은 'Penncross'크리핑 벤트그라스 반디밭으로 1988년에 sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) 토양에 조성하였으며, 실험은 1989년부터 1991년까지 3년간 수행하였다. Split-split-plot 실험디자인을 사용하여 주구에 daily or biweekly irrigation, 세구에 clipping return or removal, 세세구에 low-N (5g), moderate-N (15g), high-N (25g N m-2 yr-1)처리를 난괴법 3 반복으로 배치하였다. 생육기간중 잔디예초는 12mm 예고로 일주일에 4번 실시하였고, 기타 잔디관리는 high maintenance 수준으로 유지되는 한지형 양잔디 훼어웨이 기준으로 실시하였다. 엽조직 및 토양샘플은 1989년 2회, 1990년과 1991년에는 3회씩 채취하여, 네브라스카 주립대 토양식물분석실에서 분석하였다. 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 훼어웨이 잔디에서 엽조직 질소함유량은 여러 가지 잔디관리 방법간 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었다. 1989년 나타난 질소시비수준과 관수방법간의 상호작용에서 daily irrigation 지역의 엽질소 함유량은 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.51%에서 3.94%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리지역에서 엽질소 함유량은 daily irrigation 관수방법이 biweekly irrigation 관수방법보다 약 4% 정도 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 엽질소 함유량은 특히 질소시비 수준에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 1990년 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.50%에서 4.25%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였고, 1991년에는 4.20%에서 4.60%까지 linear pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리구의 엽조직 질소함유량은 low-N 처리구와 비교시 1990년에는 21%, 1991년에는 10% 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 잔디조성후 시간이 경과함에 따라 엽조직의 질소함유량도 증가하였다. Low-N 수준에서 1991년 엽질소 함유량은 1990년에 비해 20% 증가하였으며, high-N 수준에서는 1991년의 엽조직 질소함유량이 1990년 보다 8% 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 잔디조성후 경과기간에 따라 연간 시비량을 조절할 필요가 있으며, 특히 새로 조성된 잔디밭과 조성된 지 어느 정도 지난 기존 잔디밭간에 차별화된 관리프로그램이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 잔디관리에서 답압이 가중되는 정도에 따라 지역별로 장기간 차별화된 관리 접근을 해야하고, 정기적으로 토양 및 엽분석을 실시해서 시비프로그램에 활용하는 것이 필요하다 하겠다. 본 연구결과 나타난 잔디관리 요인간 상호작용효과는 잔디관리시 여러 가지 관리방법에 따른 효과를 입체적으로 분석해서 해당 골프장 현실에 적합한 통합적인 잔디관리(integrated turfgrass management)의 필요성을 제시한다고 할 수 있겠으며, 또한 답압가중 정도에 따른 잔디관리요인간의 반응효과차이는 향후 무답압 지역에서 실시된 연구결과를 답압을 받고 있는 경기장 및 골프장 등의 잔디밭에 적용할 경우에는 주의깊게 데이터 활용을 해야 되리라고 사료되었다.