• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.415-419
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• 2017

In recent years there have been large increases in the hydraulic loading rates used to design dissolved air flotation (DAF) facilities for drinking water applications. High rate DAF processes are now available at loading rates of 20 to $40m^3/m^2{\cdot}h$. This research evaluated dissolved air flotation as a separation method for algae and organic compounds from water treatment plants. During the service period of 2016. 5. to 2017. 6., DAF pilot plants ($500m^3/day$) process has shown a constantly sound performance for the treatment of raw water, yielding a significantly low level of turbidity (DAF treated water, 0.21~1.56 NTU). As a result of analyzing the algae cell counts in the influent source, it was expressed at 100-120 cells/mL. In DAF treated water, the removal efficient of alge cell counts was found to be upto 90%. The stable turbidity and algae removal were confirmed by operating the high rate DAF process under the condition of the surface loading rate of $30m^3/m^2{\cdot}hr$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In this study, solid-liquid separation conditions for coagulation and sedimentation experiments using inorganic coagulant (aluminum sulfate and Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC)) were optimized with brine wastewater discharged by the epoxy-resin process. When the turbidity and suspended solid (SS) concentration in raw wastewater were 74 NTU and 4.1 mg/L, respectively, their values decreased the lowest in a coagulant dosage of 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The epoxy resin was re-dispersed in the upper part of wastewater treated above 405.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The removal efficiencies of turbidity and SS via dosing with aluminum sulfate and PAC were evaluated at initial turbidity and SS of 74 - 630 NTU and 4.1 - 38.5 mg/L, respectively. They increased most in the range from 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The solid-liquid separation condition was quantitatively compared to the correlation of SS removal efficiency between the coagulant dosage and SS concentration based on the concentration of aluminum ions. The empirical formula, R = be^aD, shows the relationship between SS removal efficiency (R) and coagulant dosage (D) at 38.5 mg/L; it produced high correlation coefficients (r²) of 0.9871 for aluminum sulfate and 0.9751 for PAC.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1998

This study was surveyed to examine the removable ability of residual aluminum with the coagulants(LAS, PAC) and the auxiliary coagulants(Loess, R-calmont) on raw water. The leaching test of the auxiliary coagulant showed that the loess contained a lot of Al, Fe and Mn. On the reverse, the R-calmont was a little. Most of the loess were composed of $SiO_{2}$ 53.25%, $Al_{2}O_{3}$ 29.28%, $Fe_{2}O_{3}$ 10.73% and Si/Al ratio was 3.08. In using both LAS vs. loess and PAC vs. loess as the coagulated material, the removal of residual aluminum was the highest as 96.3%, 96.6% respectively, and that of the residual turbidity was 95.0% when PAC vs. R-calmont was dosed 0.2mg/L. Also, loess showed better than R-calmont in the removable efficiency of aluminum and turbidity. When the setting time of auxiliary coagulant was input ar the same time with coagulant, the removal aluminum was the highest as 93.3% to 96.6%.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2004

Effluent of wastewater treatment plant is to be disinfected to protect drinking water sources. DOF (Dissolved Ozone Flotation) was developed to meet this purpose. DOF was developed by combining DAF system with ozone. DAF system has good floating power with numerous microbubbles, and ozone has strong oxidation capability. And DOF system has good floating power and strong oxidation capability simultaneously. When DOF was applied to secondary wastewater effluent, color of 11CU in raw water which was secondary effluent was reduced to 1CU by the DOF system. Removal rate of other water quality parameters treated by DOF were also higher than that by DAF, which were proved the strength of oxidation capability of ozone. When ozone concentration of 3.3mg/l were applied in DOF system, general aerobic bacteria were reduced to 5CFU/ml from TNTC (Too many Numbers To Count). With the same ozone concentration, total coliform were not detected at all. These figures are under the numbers of drinking water regulation. These microbes were the target parameters of DOF. It was proved that DOF was very effective in disinfection of wastewater treatment plant effluent as well as in removal of color, turbidity, and T-P.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.160-170
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• 2003

A pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of intermittent slow sand filtration for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The effluent of biofilter for 16-unit apartment was used as influent to the slow sand filtration system at 0.6 $m^3$/day loading rate using 15 seconds spray in every 10 minutes on the about 1 $m^2$ surface area and 0.5 m depth. The influent concentrations of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and E. coli were in the range of 10.000 MPN/100 mL. and they were reduced to less than 1,000 MPN/100 mL after filtration with average of 320, 270, and 154 MPN/100 mL, respectively, showing over 95 % removal. Turbidity and SS were improved effectively and their average concentration was reduced to 0.8 NTU and 1.7 mg/L, respectively, and removal rate was about 50 %. Average BOD and COD concentrations were also reduced substantially to 2.6 and 25.8 mg/L with about 55 and 21 % removal rate, respectively. Nutrients removal was relatively low and removal rate for T-N and T-P was low however, remaining nutrients might be beneficial and less concerned in case of agricultural reuse. The concentration of biofilter effluent used in this experiment was in the range of secondary treatment effluent but slightly stronger than the one from existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Therefore, intermittent slow sand filtration might be also applicable to the effluent from WWTPs as long as its agricultural reuse is available. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the intermittent slow sand filtration was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. This paper is a preliminary result from pilot study and further investigations are recommended on the optimum design parameters before full scale application.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.194-206
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• 2003

A pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of the pond system for further polishing of treatment wetland effluent to agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The constructed wetland and pond system was installed in Konkuk University and the effluent from septic tank of school building was used as an influent to the wetland system. The effluent of the wetland was used as an influent to pond systems. The influent concentrations of total coliform(TC), fecal coliform (FC), and E. coli were about $10^5$MPN/100 ml, and they were reduced to less than 10,000 MPN/100 ml on average after wetland treatments, showing over 95 % removal. And they were further reduced to less than 1,000 MPN/100 ml in average, showing over 85∼93 % removal after pond treatment. Turbidity and SS were improved effectively on average and their pond effluent concentration was about 4.5 NTU and 9.8 mg/L in average, respectively Average $BOD^5$ concentrations were also reduced substantially to 9.3 mg/L with about 83 % removal rate after wetland and pond treatment systems. Nutrients removal was relatively low and removal rate for T-N and T-P was less than 43 and 44%, respectively after wetland and pond treatment. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, pond system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. This paper describes a preliminary result Iron pilot study and further investigations are recommended on the optimum design parameters before full scale application.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2000

본 연구는 담수조류의 대량 번식에 따른 정수장의 여과막 박힘, 어류의 대량폐사 등 각종 피해를 최소화하기 위하여 응집제를 이용한 응집-여과공정을 녹조제거시스템에 적용하기 위한 것이다. 응집-여과 공정에서 최적의 응집상태를 결정하기 위하여 시료로는 낙동강 원수를 사용하였고 Jar test와 실험실용 반응기를 사용하여 알칼리도, 탁도, Chl-a, pH를 측정하였다. 응집시간, 응집제 주입량, 드럼필터 회전속도 그리고 Chl-a는 각각 5min, 5mg/l, 3rpm 그리고 90㎍/l의 조건에서 높은 조류제거율을 보였다. Alum을 사용하였을 때의 조류 및 탁도 평균제거율은 50～60%, 30～50%이었고, PAC는 Chl-a의 제거율이 Alum보다 약 20% 더 좋은 효율을 보였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 물속에 존재하는 방사성 세슘($Cs^+$)의 정수처리 제거방법을 고찰하였다. 세슘은 물속에서 대부분 이온상태인 $Cs^+$로 존재하여 모래여과, 정수약품(PACl), 분말활성탄(PAC) 및 정수약품(PACl + PAC) 혼합주입에 의해 제거되지 않았으나 탁도가 증가함에 따라 세슘 제거율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. G-취수장 주변 고형물과 황토를 이용하여 탁도를 각각 74 NTU와 103 NTU로 조정했을 때 세슘의 제거율은 각각 약 56%, 51%이었으며 상징수를 GAC로 여과한 경우, 세슘의 약 80%가 제거되었다. 따라서 효과적인 세슘 제거를 위해서는 황토 등을 이용하여 원수 탁도를 80 NTU 이상 조정해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. GAC에 의한 세슘 제거의 경우, 약 60%가 제거됨을 알 수 있었으며 이것은 접촉에 따른 흡착에 의해 제거된 것으로 판단된다. 막에 의한 세슘 제거에 있어서 정밀여과막으로는 제거되지 않았으나 역삼투막에서는 75%가 제거되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.689-697
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• 2017

자성기반 가중응집제를 적용한 새로운 응집/침전법을 정수처리공정에 적용하기 위한 기초연구로써 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 이용하여 반응에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 알려진 pH, 일반 응집제 사용량, 가중 응집제 사용량에 관한 최적의 반응조건을 도출하고자 하였다. 이때, 일반 응집제는 Poly aluminium chloride (PAC)를 사용하였고 가중응집제는 Magnetite 기반의 자성체를 사용하였으며, Kaolin으로 제조한 합성원수를 Jar-tester를 이용하여 응집실험을 실시하였다. 사전에 Box-Behnken design에 의하여 계획된 17가지 실험조건으로 상기 3개의 독립변수들이 반응변수(탁도 제거율 및 플럭의 평균 침강속도)에 미치는 영향과 최적 반응을 유도하기 위한 독립변수의 최적치를 얻고자 하였다. 실험 후에는 2가지 반응변수의 이차 회귀모델을 도출하였으며, 이를 이용하여 독립변수와 반응변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하고자 반응표면분석을 실시하였다. 반응표면 분석결과 탁도 제거율 및 플럭의 평균 침강속도에 대한 $R^2$값은 0.9909, 0.8295이었고 두 가지 반응변수를 모두 고려한 최적의 반응조건은 pH 7.4, PAC 사용량 38 mg/L, 가중응집제 사용량 1,000 mg/L이었으며 이때 탁도 제거율 97%, 평균 침강속도가 35 m/h 이상의 효율에 도달하였다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2017

Images obtained from underwater are usually degraded due to the environmental conditions. Some of the typical degradation factors include turbidity and color degradation. These degradations can be attributed to the absorptive and scattering properties of underwater degradation in terms of optical parameters, such as modulation transfer function (MTF), optical transfer function (OTF),point spread function (PSF), and color constancy. In this paper, we use the CODE V optical simulation software to mimic underwater conditions and model the imaging platform, thereby studying various parameters, such as PSF and MTF, and we use the PSF to remove the underwater turbidity. Experimental results show increased performance with the algorithm, compared to other existing methods.