• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.135-135
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• 2015

Tubes are of extreme importance in industries as for fluid channels or wave guides. Furthermore, some weapon systems such as cannons use the tubes as gun barrels. To increase the service life of such tubes, a protective coating must be applied to the tubes' inner surface. However, the coating methods applicable to the inner surface of the tubes are very limited due to the geometrical restriction. A small-diameter cylindrical magnetron sputtering gun can be used to deposit coating layers on the inner surface of the large-bore tubes. However, for small-bore tubes with the inner diameter of one inch (~25 mm), the magnetron sputtering method can hardly be accommodated due to the space limitation for permanent magnet assembly. In this study, a new approach to coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes with the inside diameter of one inch was developed. Instead of using permanent magnets for magnetron operation, an external electro-magnet assembly was adopted around the tube to confine the plasma and to sustain the discharge. The electro-magnet was operated in pulse mode to provide the strong axial magnetic field for the magnetron operation, which was synchronized with the negative high-voltage pulse applied to the water-cooled coaxial sputtering target installed inside the tube. By moving the electro-magnet assembly along the tube's axial direction, the inner surface of the tube could be uniformly coated. The inner-surface coating system in this study used the tube itself as the vacuum chamber. The SS-304 tube's inner diameter was 22 mm and the length was ~1 m. A water-cooled Cu tube (sputtering target) of the outer diameter of 12 mm was installed inside of the SS tube (substrate) at the axial position. The 50 mm-long electro-magnet assembly was fed by a current pulse of 250 A at the frequency and pulse width of 100 Hz and 100 usec, respectively. The calculated axial magnetic field strength at the center was ~0.6 Tesla. The central Cu tube was synchronously driven by a HiPIMS power supply at the same frequency of 100 Hz as the electro-magnet and the applied pulse voltage was -1200 V with a pulse width of 500 usec. At 150 mTorr of Ar pressure, the Cu deposition rate of ~10 nm/min could be obtained. In this talk, a new method to sputter coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes would be presented and discussed, which might have broad industrial and military application areas.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

축소한 격납용기 내부 핵연료재장전수저장탱크의 안쪽에 설치한 열교환기 튜브의 주요 매개변수들이 풀핵비등 열전달에 미치는 복합적인 영향을 극명하기 위해 튜브 외경, 표면 거칠기, 그리고 튜브 설치 방향에 대한 다양한 조합들을 환용하여 열유속 q'quot;와 과열 온도 차이 $\Delta$T 간의 관계에 대한 총 1,966 개의 실험값을 취득하였다. 이 실험 결과들에 의하면, (1) 표면 거칠기 증가는 수평 및 수직 튜브 모두에 대해 열전달을 향상시키고, (2) 기포 생성에 따른 두가지 열전달 기구인 주변 액체 운동증가에 의한 열전달 향상과 기포층 및 기포 군집 형성에 의한 열전달 감소는 50㎾/$m^2$의 열유속을 경계로 낮은 열유속과 높은 열유속 영 역 에서 서로 다르게 관찰되는데, 이것은 튜브 설치 방향과 표면 거칠기의 크기와 관련이 있으며, (3) 튜브 외경 증가는 수평 및 수직 튜브 모두에 대해 열전달을 감소시키는데, 그 영향정도는 수평보다 수직구조에서 더 크다. 수평 및 수직 튜브들에 대해 열유속 q'quot;와 표면 거칠기 ($\varepsilon$) 및 튜브 외경 (D) 사이의 관계를 결정하는 두 가지 실험식을 개발하였다. 그리고, q'quot;만의 함수로된 풀핵비등 열전달계수( $h_{b}$ 에 대한 간단한 실험식도 부가적으로 개발하였다. 실험식도 부가적으로 개발하였다.'quot;만의 함수로된 풀핵비등 열전달계수($h_{b}$ 에 대한 간단한 실험식도 부가적으로 개발하였다.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.68-78
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• 1999

Heat transfer performance is studied for boiling and condensation of R-11 on integral-fin tubes. Nine tubes with trapezoidal integral-fins having fin densities from 748 to 1654fpm and 10,30 grooves and finned tubes with caves of 0.55 and 0.64 mm height respectively are tested. in case of condensation CFC-11 condensates at saturation stat of 32$^{\circ}C$ on the outside surface cooled by inside cooling water flows. And in case of boiling the refrigerant evaporates at a saturation state of 1 bar on the outside tube surface and heat is supplied by hot water which circulates inside of the tube,. The tube having fin transfer coefficient concerns fin tubes with caves show higher valve than low fin tube having find density of 1299fpm and 30grooves. The overall heat transfer coefficient of fin tube with caves is about 5155 W/mK at 2.8m/s of water velocity, The value is abuot 2.7 times higher than plain tube and 1.3 times higher than low fin tube having fin density of 1299fpm and 30 grooves.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.65-65
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• 1999

Heat transfer performance is studied for boiling and condensation of R-11 on integral-fin tubes. Nine tubes with trapezoidal integral-fins having fin densities from 748 to 1654fpm and 10,30 grooves and finned tubes with caves of 0.55 and 0.64 mm height respectively are tested. in case of condensation CFC-11 condensates at saturation stat of 32℃ on the outside surface cooled by inside cooling water flows. And in case of boiling the refrigerant evaporates at a saturation state of 1 bar on the outside tube surface and heat is supplied by hot water which circulates inside of the tube,. The tube having fin transfer coefficient concerns fin tubes with caves show higher valve than low fin tube having find density of 1299fpm and 30grooves. The overall heat transfer coefficient of fin tube with caves is about 5155 W/mK at 2.8m/s of water velocity, The value is abuot 2.7 times higher than plain tube and 1.3 times higher than low fin tube having fin density of 1299fpm and 30 grooves.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.309-325
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• 2014

Geotextile tubes are basically a huge sack filled with sand or dredged soil. Geotextile tubes are made of permeable woven or non-woven synthetic fibers (i.e., polyester or PET and polypropylene or PP). The geotextile tubes' performances in strength, dewatering, retaining solid particles and stacked stability have been studied extensively in the past. However, only little research has been done in the observation of the deformation behavior of geotextile tubes. In this paper, a large-scale apparatus for geotextile tube experiment is introduced. The apparatus is equipped with a slurry mixing station, pumping and delivery station, an observation station and a data station. For this study the large-scale apparatus was utilized in the studies regarding the stresses on the geotextile and the deformation behavior of the geotextile tube. Model tests were conducted using a custom-made woven geotextile tubes. Load cells placed at the inner belly of the geotextile tube to monitor the total soil pressure. Strain gauges were also placed on the outer skin of the tube to measure the geotextile strain. The pressure and strain sensors are attached to a data logger that sends the collected data to a desktop computer. The experiment results showed that the maximum geotextile strain occurs at the sides of the tube and the soil pressure distribution varies at each geotextile tube section.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2012

General condensers consist of many tubes supported by tube sheets and support plates to prevent the deflection of the condenser tubes. When a fluid at high pressure and temperature runs over the tubes for the purpose of transferring heat from one medium to another, the tubes vibrate and their surface comes into contact with the support plates. This vibration causes damage to the tubes, such as cracks and wear. We propose an ultrasonic guided wave technique to detect the above problems in the support plate region. In the proposed method, the ultrasonic guided wave mode, L(0,1), is excited using an internal transducer probe from a single position at the end of the tube. In this paper, we present a preliminary experimental verification using a super stainless tube and show that the defects can be discriminated from the support signals in the support region.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2004

Boiler is one of the most important utilities providing steam to turbine in order to supply mechanical energy in thermal power plant. It is composed of thousands of tubes for high efficient heat transfer. The material for boiler tubes is used in such high temperature and pressure condition as $540^{\circ}C$, 22MPa. The boiler tube material is required to resist creep damage, fatigue cracking, and corrosion damages. 2.25%Cr-1Mo steel is used for conventional boiler tubes, and austenitenite stainless steel is used for higher temperature boiler tubes. But the temperature and pressure of steam in power plant became higher for high plant efficiency. So, the property of boiler tube material must be upgaded to fit the plant property. Several boiler tube material was developed to fit such conditions. X20CrMoV12.1 steel is also developed in 1980's and used for superheater and reheater tubes in supercritical boilers. The material has martensite microstructures which is difficult to evaluate the degradation. In this thesis, degrade the X20CrMoV12.1 steel at high temperatures in electric furnace, and evaluate hardness with Vickers hardness tester and strengths with Indentation tester.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.613-619
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• 2006

The objectives of this paper are to study the characteristics of heat transfer for enhanced tubes (19.05 mm) used in the condenser with high saturation temperatures and to provide a guideline for optimum design of a condenser using HFC134a. Three different enhanced tubes are tested at a high saturation temperature of $59.8^{\circ}C$ (16 bar); a low-fin and three turbo-C tubes.. The refrigerant, HFC134a is condensed on the outside of the tube while the cooling water flows inside the tube. The film Reynolds number varies from 130 to 330. The wall subcooling temperature ranges from $2.7^{\circ}C$ to $9.7^{\circ}C$. This study provides experimental heat transfer coefficients for condensation on the enhanced tubes. It is found that the turbo-C(2) tube provides the highest heat transfer coefficient.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.411-422
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• 1998

In this study, experiments were carried out to provide nucleate pool boiling heat transfer data for a plain tube and 4 different low fin tubes employing 2 refrigerant mixtures of R410A, R407C, and 12 pure fluids. Low fin tubes were machined on a 19.05mm nominal outside diameter copper block according to the manufacturer's low fin tube specifications. Cartridge heaters were used to generate uniform heat flux on the tubes. For all refrigerants, heat flux varied from 10㎾/$\m^2$ to 80㎾/$\m^2$. It is found that heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of high vapor pressure refrigerants are usually higher than those of low pressure fluids. On the other hand, the fin effect was more prominent with low pressure refrigerants than with high pressure ones. Optimum fin density as well as the increase in heat transfer coefficient with the increase in fin density were found to be strongly fluid dependent. HTCs of Rl23, a low pressure alternative refrigerant, were similar to those of Rll while HTCs of R134a, an intermediate pressure alternative refrigerant, were roughly 20% higher than those of Rl2. Finally, HTCs of R32, R125, R143a, and R410A were all higher than those of R22 by 30~50%.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.494-501
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• 2000

Effectiveness of a 3-pass plate finned-tube heat exchanger is calculated using heat exchangelet method by changing the shape of fin and the arrangement of tubes. The alternative refrigerant R134a is taken in this study. Conduction between neighboring tubes along the fin is taken into account in addition to convection between the fin and the surrounding air. Governing equations are obtained by using energy balance in a small control volume containing a tube and fins. They are numerically solved following the tube. Effect of tube-to-tube conduction is investigated in single-phase and two-phase flows with various fin shapes and arrangements of tubes. Improvement of effectiveness by fin perforation is studied too. The results shows that perforating fins, increasing the number of tubes, and increasing the distance between neighboring tubes at the same fin area enhance the effectiveness.