• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.129-154
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• 2013

Product-harm crises, which are connected to defective or dangerous products, are perceived as the most common threats to a company. Product harm crises can distort long standing favorable equality perceptions, tarnish a company's reputation, cause major revenue and market-share losses, lead to costly product recalls, and devastate a carefully nurtured brand equity. However, in spite of the devastating impact of product-harm crises, little systematic research exists to asses its marketing consequences. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate how Koreans react to the crisis response in the aftermath of different crises(competence violation vs. integrity violation) and inspire additional research in crisis communication. This study has three main findings which run counter to the assumptions of Kim et al.(2007). Namely, the current study expands on the research of Kim et al. (2004, 2007) by examining how companies repair customers' trust and corporate attitude after crises. Different from previous studies, this study assumes that apology for an integrity-based crisis is the most appropriate way to repair consumer trust and corporate attitude. As for competence-based crisis, similarly, apology for competence-based crisis can be more successful repairing consumer trust and corporate attitude. Concerning silence strategy, remaining silent dose not admit or deny guilt right away, but instead of asking the perceiver to withhold judgment, suggesting that, silence could be expected to be superior to apology but inferior to denial. Finally, apology for competence violation will be expected to bemore effective than apology for integrity violation. Research conceptual model was as follows: According to the results, apology is found to be the most effective strategy to repair corporate attitude no matter the crisis is perceived as a violation of competence or integrity. Second, company may consider keeping silent as a desirable response because they does not admit nor deny responsibility but ask the public to withhold judgment. However, the result of this study shows that, in the overall crisis situations, silence strategy did not differ significantly from the denial strategy, which suggested that the public wants explanation instead of uncertainty. Third, there was the interaction effect between crisis type and crisis response strategies. In this study, apology is more effective for the competence violated situation in terms of regaining consumer trust and repairing their attitude toward company, while the apology's effectiveness is lower for the integrity-violated situation. More specifically, when the crisis is perceived due to company's lack of ability(competence violation), consumer's trust belief and attitude toward the company is more easily to repair when the company issued a sincere apology. Damaged product is perceived less intentional so participants are more likely to give the company second chance when they apology to the public. By contrast, exaggerated advertisement(integrity violation) is perceived intentionally and thus makes participants angrier toward the accused company. Although apology is perceived as the most effective strategy, when issuing apology, it also means the company admitted their intention. Therefore, in this kind of crisis situation, trust repair needs not only a sincere apology but additional efforts.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.221-234
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• 2016

Open port has the designated course and traffic jam of ships happens often. This fact may connect to ship crash easily. And the accident happens due to violation of navigation mainly. In ship crash between Neoblue and Shinkwang 7 at incheon open port, the Korean incheon maritime safety tribunal shows that the violation of navigation and duty of attention at the open port would produce ship crash directly. Wherefore, the interpretation and application of navigation are important to protect future ship crash accident. The points of navigation as objects of study are divided into two categories, interpretation and application of navigation on crashing between the ship which navigate the designated course and the ship which enter into the designated course from the another course or outside the course, interpretation and application of navigation on crashing between two or more ships, which navigate violating the navigation every ships and violating agreement rule each other. And as conclusion, I refer the legal responsibility both Neoblue and Shinkwang 7 in detail. The results of this study as follows : First, in case of crashing between the ship which navigate the designated course and the ship which enter into the designated course from the another course or outside the course, public order in open port act can be applied by priority. However, in applying the public order the principle of trust and reasons of crew, cause and effect, the time of navigation application are mandatory considerations. Second, in case of crashing between two or more ships, which navigate violating the navigation every ships and violating agreement rule each other, we should focus on the reasons of crew. Also, the reasons of crew need strict conditions. These means that the awareness of crash danger and recognition of special circumstance including limit state of ships, existence of emergency danger, non escaping crash danger by only observance of navigation. And in case of this state the public order the principle of trust and reasons of crew, cause and effect, the time of navigation application should be considered by priority, too.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.325-344
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• 2014

Technical support of Window XP ended in March, 8, 2014, and it makes OS(Operating System) users fall in a state of confusion. Sudden decision making of OS upgrade and replacement is not a simple problem. Firms need to change the long term capacity plan in enterprise IS management, but they are pressed for time and cost to complete it. Individuals can not help selecting the second best plan, because the following OSs of Window XP are below expectations in performances, new PC sales as the opportunities of OS upgrade decrease, and the potential risk of OS technical support ending had not announced to OS users at the point of purchase. Microsoft as the OS vendors had not presented precaution or remedy for this confusion. Rather, Microsoft announced that the technical support of the other following OSs of Wndow XP such as Window 7 would ended in two years. This conflict between OS vendor and OS users could not happen in one time, but could recur in recent future. Although studies on the ways of OS user protection policy would be needed to escape from this conflict, few prior studies had conducted this issue. This study had challenge to cautiously investigate in such OS user's reactions as the confirmation with OS user's expectation in the point of purchase, three types of justice perception on the treatment of OS vendor, psychological contract violation, satisfaction and the other betrayal behavioral intention in the case of Window XP technical support ending. By adopting the justice perception on this research, and by empirically validating the impact on OS user's reactions, I could suggest the direction of establishing OS user protection policy of OS vendor. Based on the expectation-confirmation theory, the theory of justice, literatures about psychological contract violation, and studies about consumer betrayal behaviors in the perspective of Herzberg(1968)'s dual factor theory, I developed the research model and hypothesis. Expectation-confirmation theory explain that consumers had expectation on the performance of product in the point of sale, and they could satisfied with their purchase behaviors, when the expectation could have confirmed in the point of consumption. The theory of justice in social exchange argues that treatee could be willing to accept the treatment by treater when the three types of justice as distributive, procedural, and interactional justice could be established in treatment. Literatures about psychological contract violation in human behaviors explains that contracter in a side could have the implied contract (also called 'psychological contract') which the contracter in the other side would sincerely execute the contract, and that they are willing to do vengeance behaviors when their contract had unfairly been broken. When the psychological contract of consumers had been broken, consumers feel distrust with the vendors and are willing to decrease such beneficial attitude and behavior as satisfaction, loyalty and repurchase intention. At the same time, consumers feel betrayal and are willing to increase such retributive attitude and behavior as negative word-of-mouth, complain to the vendors, complain to the third parties for consumer protection. We conducted a scenario survey in order to validate our research model at March, 2013, when is the point of news released firstly and when is the point of one year before the acture Window XP technical support ending. We collected the valid data from 238 voluntary participants who are the OS users but had not yet exposed the news of Window OSs technical support ending schedule. The subject had been allocated into two groups and one of two groups had been exposed this news. The data had been analyzed by the MANOVA and PLS. MANOVA results indicate that the OSs technical support ending could significantly decrease all three types of justice perception. PLS results indicated that it could significantly increase psychological contract violation and that this increased psychological contract violation could significantly reduce the trust and increase the perceived betrayal. Then, it could significantly reduce satisfaction, loyalty, and repurchase intention, and it also could significantly increase negative word-of-month intention, complain to the vendor intention, and complain to the third party intention. All hypothesis had been significantly approved. Consequently, OS users feel that the OSs technical support ending is not natural value added service ending, but the violation of the core OS purchase contract, that it could be the posteriori prohibition of OS user's OS usage right, and that it could induce the psychological contract violation of OS users. This study would contributions to introduce the psychological contract violation of the OS users from the OSs technical support ending in IS field, to introduce three types of justice as the antecedents of psychological contract violation, and to empirically validate the impact of psychological contract violation both on the beneficial and retributive behavioral intentions of OS users. For practice, the results of this study could contribute to make more comprehensive OS user protection policy and consumer relationship management practices of OS vendor.

• 인지과학
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.205-228
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• 2022

본 연구는 인간 로봇 상호작용에서 로봇의 사회적이고 관계적인 행동 유형이 인간의 인식에 끼치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위한 실험에서는 연구 참여자들이 로봇 나오가 인간과 상호작용 하면서 로봇이 오류를 일으키고 신뢰회복을 위한 행동을 영상으로 시청한 후 로봇에 대한 신뢰를 평가하였다. 신뢰회복 행동은 로봇이 오류를 인정하고 사과하는 내부 귀인, 오류가 있었음을 사과하지만 외부로 귀인하는 조건, 오류 자체를 부인, 오류에 대해 아무런 사후 행동을 하지 않는 비 행동 조건으로 설정하였다. 이후 로봇에 대한 인간의 평가를 3가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 첫째, 로봇의 유능함과 정직성에 기반한 신뢰, 둘째 로봇에 대한 지각된 유능함과 정직성, 그리고 로봇의 오류로 인한 신뢰 위반에 대하여 오류의 심각성을 어떻게 지각하는지 탐색하였다. 실험의 결과는 3가지 모든 경우에서 로봇이 사과하지 않을 때보다 사과할 때 오류가 덜 심각하다고 지각하였으며 로봇에 대한 능력 또한 높이 평가하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 로봇의 행동유형과 오류 극복 방법에 따라 로봇에 대한 인간의 태도가 민감하게 반응 할 수 있다는 근거를 제공하며 로봇에 대한 인간의 지각이 변할 수 있음을 시사한다. 특히 로봇이 스스로의 오류를 인정하고 사과하는 것이 더 신뢰를 높인다는 결과는 로봇이 인간처럼 사회적이고 매너있는 행동을 통해 긍정적인 인간 로봇상호작용을 증진시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2021

This study measured the effects of fake news and propaganda on managing information on COVID-19 among the Nigerian citizenry. This study examined sources of information on COVID-19 available to the people, evaluated reasons behind spreading fake news, examined how fake news has affected the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, established the consequences of fake news on managing COVID-19 pandemic and as well identified ways to contain fake news at a time like this in Nigeria.It is a survey with a sample size of 375 participants selected using simple random technique. Instrument of data gathering was questionnaire widely distributed in the six geo-political zones of Nigeria using Survey monkey. Data was analysed using frequencies, counts and percentages, tables and charts. Findings revealed that people rely more on radio, television, and social media for information on COVID-19. Fake news is spread by people mostly for political reasons and intention to cause panic. In Nigeria, fake news has led to disbelief of the existence of the virus thereby leading to violation of precautionary measures among the citizenry and lack of trust in the government. Concerted effort on the part of the government is required to give public enlightenment on the danger of fake news. Also, directorate of anti-fake news should be established to censor and reprimand sources of fake news. People should always check source of information to confirm its credibility and be weary of sharing unconfirmed information especially on the social media.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.115-136
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• 2011

In the past, Chinese arbitral system and Chinese arbitral associations were avoided by international society due to the cases which Chinese court rejected the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards based on rural protection. Especially Chinese court adjudicated to reject the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards by interpreting public policy broadly. The abuse of public policy by court threats the existence of commercial arbitration system. Under this awareness, the author figured out Chinese court shows what kind of attitude about public policy of Chinese court in the present through analyzing the cases about rejection of enforcement in Chinese arbitral awards in order to analyze whether Chinese court still maintain the negative attitude like past or there exist changes with public policy which is one of the rejection reasons of recognition and enforcement in foreign arbitral awards as the central figure. Chinese court behaved in an uncooperative attitude about arbitral awards like that it reached a verdict to reject the enforcement of arbitral awards by reason of violation in public policy about several foreign arbitral awards at the beginning stage of establishing arbitration law. However, the situation of abuse in public policy was improved a lot by Chinese prime court which enforces pre-inspection system about judgment of rejection of enforcement in arbitral awards. So, there is no case about rejecting the approval and enforcement of arbitral awards by reason of violation in public policy by Chinese court except Yongning Co. case. Moreover, Chinese court got the trust and support from other countries through reinforcement of applied standard. However, Chinese court had been expressed concern from international society because they highly applied public policy and rejected to enforce arbitral awards in the recent case of Yongning Co.. Therefore, this study examined whether it is appropriate to apply public policy of Chinese court in the case of Yongning Co., and then I concluded that. Although Yongning Co. case is the first case which Chinese prime court agrees with public policy by reason of rejection of approval and enforcement in foreign arbitral awards, in my opinion, it doesn't mean that Chinese court has fundamental change in basic attitude and position about the approval and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Chinese court keeps the cautious uses of public policy in legal judgment of foreign arbitral awards and it looks like implementing the obligation in regulation of New York Convention sincerely.

• 의료법학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.117-144
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• 2020

우리나라 의료인은 의료법 제15조에 따라 정당한 사유가 없는 한 환자의 진료를 거부할 수 없으며, 정당한 사유 없이 진료를 거부한 행위는 형사처벌의 대상이 된다. 일본도 의사법에서 동일한 내용을 규정하고 있지만, 진료거부행위가 형사처벌의 대상이 되는 것은 아니다. 환자에게 손해가 발생한 경우에 한하여 의사의 손해배상책임 여부를 판단하는데 고려되는 일 요소로서 활용되고 있다는 차이가 있다. 그러나 조항 자체가 매우 추상적으로 규정되어 있어 양 국가는 의사가 환자의 진료를 거부할 수 있는 정당한 사유가 무엇인지를 구체화하기 위해 노력한다. 최근 일본은 의사의 과도한 근무환경을 개선한다는 관점에서 진료거부에 관한 논의를 현대적 관점에서 재조명하는 작업을 완료한 바 있다. 반면 우리나라는 진료거부에 관한 체계적인 논의가 부족하여 어떠한 경우에 진료를 거부할 수 있는지 명확히 알 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 오히려 불필요한 오해와 논란만 가중됨에 따라 환자와 의사간의 신뢰가 상실되는 결과를 초래하고 있다. 한편 우리나라에서는 이미 연명의료결정 중단 시행에 있어 의사가 종교적 신념 또는 양심에 따라 이를 거부할 수 있는 권리가 법적으로 보장되고 있으며, 최근 낙태의 경우에도 의사에게 이를 거부할 권리를 보장해야 한다는 논의가 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구는 일본의 논의 현황을 소개하며, 우리나라에서 확인할 수 있는 진료거부 사례를 검토하고, 이에 덧붙여 오늘날의 의료현실에서 검토가 필요한 사례를 제시하였다. 이 연구를 통해 의사의 진료거부금지 의무에 관한 발전적 논의가 촉진되기를 기대한다.

• 의료법학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.3-30
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• 2021

의료인의 면허를 제한하기 위해서는 기능적인 측면과 도덕적·윤리적인 측면이 함께 검토되어야 한다. 현재 「의료법」에 규정된 의료인의 결격사유를 '금고 이상의 실형'을 선고받은 모든 범죄로 확대하는 것에 대한 논란이 있다. 그러나 국가 공동체의 질서유지를 위해 법률로 금지한 행위를 한 의료인에 대한 제재가 미흡할 경우, 의료인 전체에 대한 신뢰 저해를 불러올 수 있다. 또한 금고형의 선고는 비난가능성이 높다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 의료인의 범죄 유형과 관계없이 비난가능성이 높은 형벌을 받을 경우, 해당 의료인에 대한 신뢰뿐만 아니라 전체 의료인, 나아가 국가 보건의료체계에 대한 신뢰확보가 어렵게 된다. 결국 공익의 측면에서도 면허제한 범위 확대는 과잉금지원칙에 위배된다고 볼 수 없다. 그러나 의료행위는 불완전하고 예측 불가능하기 때문에 언제나 악결과가 발생할 개연성이 높다. 따라서 의료행위 중 업무상과실이 발생한 경우, 면허제한은 형사책임과 별개로 해당 의료인의 의료행위 수행 가능성·적정성 등, 기능적인 측면을 세심하게 검토하여 면허제한 정도를 결정해야 한다. 이처럼 의료인의 면허제한에는 다양한 변수에 대한 고려와 전문적인 판단이 필요하기 때문에 독립적인 면허심의 기구를 설치하여 면허관리의 전문성을 확립할 필요가 있다.

• 연구윤리
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2020

Purpose: Focusing on Supreme Court precedents, we intend to establish criteria for judging research misconduct. Research design, data and methodology: In addition, I would like to propose the criteria for judging research misconduct by the KODISA, which applies the court's standards well in practice, and guidelines for preventing research misconduct. Research design, data and methodology: After classifying the case of research misconduct into six cases, the court's judgment and practical application will be reviewed. Results: First, research misconduct that has passed the disciplinary prescription can be punished. This is because the state of illegality continues to this day. Second, even if there were no punishment regulations at the time of research misconduct, it can be retroactively punished with the current punishment regulations. This is because research ethics is a universal and common standard and does not change. Third, if there is a fact that infringes on intellectual property rights, it is presumed unwritten intentions. Therefore, the act of taking and using the work of another person without permission or proper citation procedure, even if it is unintentional and for the public interest, is a research misconduct. Fourth, if there is an inappropriate citation notation, the intention of research misconduct is presumed. It is the judgment of the court that even if a quotation is marked, if it is incomplete, it is recognized as plagiarism. Fifth, if the author uses the work of another person without proper source indication, it is plagiarism even if the other person who owns the copyright agrees to it. The understanding or consent of some parties does not justify research misconduct in violation of public trust. Sixth, it is a research misconduct to create a new work without citations for one's previous work. In addition, even if there is a citation, if the subsequent writing is not original, it is a research misconduct. Conclusions: Academia should clarify the scope of research misconduct by referring to the Research Ethics Regulations of KODISA, and deal with research results that lack the value as creative works similar to those of research misconduct.

• 의료법학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.43-83
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• 2013

Medical treatment has great potential for conflict. Even the best-trained doctors can commit medical malpractice that result in continuing physical or mental disabilities or even death. Medical conflicts have been increasing over years. The medical conflicts between patient and medical professionals that result from medical professionals' mistakes are often fueled by a violation on the pretext of the injuries form medical malpractice and can lead to litigation. The litigation usually cost a lot of money and time. The extension of the litigation period as well as expensive cost and lack of medical knowledge placing a great burden on patients. Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) is more efficient than litigation. In 1988, the medical dispute mediation system has been introduces as the Act on Remedy for Damage from Medical Accident and Medical Dispute Mediation by Korean Medical Association came into effect after 23 years of enactment efforts. Medical Dispute Mediation Act(hereinafter referred to as the "MDMA") has finally entered into force from 8 April 2012. The purpose of the MDMA is to promptly and fairly redress injuries caused by medical malpractice and create a stable environment for medical services of public health or medical professionals by providing for matters regarding the mediation and arbitration of medical disputes(MDMA ${\S}1$). In an effort to secure the fair, speedy and inexpensive resolution of every malpractice case, the Korea Medical Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Agency(hereinafter referred to as the "K-MEDI") was established. Following the MDMA, the K-MEDI shall endeavor to ensure the medical dispute mediation or arbitration proceedings are conducted in a prompt, fair, and efficient manner, and patients and medical professionals shall attend proceedings in good faith with mutual trust and understanding when they participate in medical dispute mediation or arbitration proceedings.