• PNF and Movement
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2014

Purpose: The transverse abdominis and themultifidus muscle are located in the core. They surround one's trunk and help in body stabilization. Specifically, they control spine articulation to maintain posture and balance. Therefore, weakened deep muscle in the trunk may cause spinal malalignment. This study aims to compare the correlation between the thickness of the transverse abdominis and the multifidus muscle and the spine alignment among college students in their 20s. Methods: This study measured the thickness of the transverse abdominis and the multifidus muscle of 42 healthy college students in their 20s using ultrasonic waves. The thickness of the muscle was measured for the length of the cross-section except for fascia. The thickness of the left and right muscles was measured, and the mean value was calculated. As the thickness of the transverse abdominis can increase because of pressure during exhalation, it was measured at the last moment of exhalation. Spinal alignment was measured by the kyphosis angle, lordosis angle, pelvic tilt, trunk inclination, lateral deviation, trunk imbalance, and surface rotation using Formetric III, which is a three-dimensional imaging equipment. They were measured for three times, and the mean values were calculated. The general characteristics of the subjects were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The correlations between each factor were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: The transverse abdominis showed asignificant correlation with trunk inclination (p<.05). The multifidus muscle showed a significant positive correlation with pelvic tilt and a negative correlation with surface rotation (p<.05). Conclusion: The thickness of transverse abdominis and the multifidus muscle appears to influence spinal alignment. Specifically, the multifidus muscle, which plays an important role on the sagittal plane, influences surface rotation, thus making it an important muscle for scoliosis patients. Therefore, a strengthening training program for the transverse abdominis and the multifidus muscle is necessary according to specific purposes among adults with spinal malalignment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of an intervention that combined the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and frequency-specific neuromuscular electrical stimulation on changes in trunk muscle activity, muscle fatigue, and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Fifteen subjects were assigned to group I which performed the abdominal drawing-in maneuver combined with low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the other 15 subjects to group II where the abdominal drawing-in maneuver was combined with high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Muscle activity and fatigue were measured using surface electromyography before the intervention. Balance was measured using the Trunk Impairment Scale and re-measured after six weeks of intervention for comparative analysis. Results: Both groups showed a significant increase in muscle activity and balance (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). In the changes in muscle fatigue, only the experimental group II showed a significant increase in muscle fatigue (p<0.05). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was confirmed that among stroke patients, the combination of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation was more effective in changing the muscle activity and balance of the trunk by minimizing the occurrence of muscle fatigue compared to the combination of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and high-frequency stimulation. These results can be used as basic data for clinical trunk stabilization training.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography (EMG) activities of the lumbar extensor muscles during motion of trunk flexion-extension and compare range of motion (ROM) with a 3-dimensional motion analysis system of the lumbar region between subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and healthy subjects during the trunk flexion-extension, trunk rotation and trunk lateral flexion cycle. Thirty CLBP subjects and thirty healthy subjects were included. We measured the root mean square (RMS) value of the lumbar extensor muscles from resting, standing, lumbar flexion and return position. The RMS ratio was normalized from maximal EMG activity of the lumbar extensor muscles during trunk motion. The results of this study showed that the RMS ratio of the lumbar extensor was significantly higher in CLBP subjects than healthy subjects during all of trunk motion (p<.05). The ratio of the highest RMS value during flexion and extension was higher in CLBP subjects than in healthy subjects (p<.05). The ROM of the lumbar region was significantly lower in CLBP subjects than healthy subjects during trunk flexion-extension, trunk rotation and lateral flexion cycle. The relationship between the RMS ratio for full lumbar flexion and the ROM of lumbar flexion was not correlated significantly. CLBP subjects have both decreased ROM of the lumbar region and higher muscle activities of the lumbar extensor muscle than healthy subjects.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2008

Cross-legged sitting postures are commonly assumed during computer work. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of leg crossing on trunk muscle activity while typing at a computer. Trunk muscle activity was measured in three 8 different sitting postures, in random order. These posture were: normal sitting with a straight trunk and both feet on the floor (NS), upper leg crossing (ULC), and ankle on knee (AOK). The right leg was crossed onto the left leg in both cross-legged postures. Twenty able-bodied male volunteers participated in this study. Subjects typed on a computer keyboard for one minute. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record bilateral muscle activity in the external oblique (EO). internal oblique (IO), and rectus abdominis (RA). The EMG activity of each muscle in the NS posture was used as a reference (100% EMG activity) in relation to the two cross-legged postures. Muscle activity in the right EO. right IO, and left IO was significantly lower in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. In contrast, muscle activity in the right RA was significantly higher in the ULC posture than in the NS posture. Muscle activity in the tight RA was significantly higher in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture, whereas activity in the left IO was significantly lower in the AOK posture, as compared to the NS posture. The right-left muscle activity ratios in the EO and IO showed significantly different patterns in the cross-legged postures, suggesting that asymmetrical right-left oblique muscle activity had occurred.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of normal timing according to angular motion in PNF patterns on electromyography (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal muscle, external oblique abdominal muscle, and erector spinae. Methods: Ten healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were required to complete following two PNF extremity patterns; upper extremity extension- adduction-internal rotation pattern with $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and lower extremity flexion- adduction-external rotation pattern with $0^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. A paired t-test was used to determine the influence of the two PNF patterns on muscle activity in each muscle. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the ratio of local muscle activity to global muscle activity. Results: In terms of their effect on applied normal timing, the upper and lower extremity pattern significantly affected the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern ((at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) influenced the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). Conclusion: The effect of the upper and lower extremity patterns on applied normal timing was significant in that these patterns increased trunk muscle activation. The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern (at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) increased trunk muscle activation. Normal timing is required to increase trunk muscle strength and extremity movement.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2022

Purpose: In this study, we provide a way to assess even a slight effect of exercise on trunk-muscle activity. Materials and Methods: Seven healthy male participants (mean age, 24.7 ± 3.2 years; height, 171.2 ± 9.8 cm; and weight, 63.8 ± 11.9 kg) performed 15 sets of an exercise with 20 repetitions of 90° hip and right-knee flexion while lying supine. The exercise intensity was measured using the 10-point Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale after the first and 15th sets of exercises. Although cross-sectional areas and functional T2 mapping using ultrafast imaging (fast-acquired muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging, fast-mfMRI) have been proposed for imaging to evaluate exercise-induced muscle activity in real time, no previous studies have reported on the evaluation of trunk-muscle activity using functional T2 mapping. As a method for assessing trunk-muscle activity, we compared functional T2 mapping using ultrafast imaging (fast-mfMRI) with cross-sectional areas. Results: Although the muscle cross-sectional areas were increased by the exercise, there was no significant difference at rest. On the other hand, for all sets, the changes in T2 were significant compared with those at rest (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that T2, calculated from fast-mfMRI images can be used to detect even a small amount of muscle activity induced by acute exercise, which was impossible to do with cross-sectional areas. Conclusion: Fast-mfMRI, which can also display functional information with detailed forms, enabled non-invasive real-time imaging for identifying and evaluating the degree of deep trunk-muscle activity induced by exercise.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the trunk stabilization exercise in the musical tempo on lumbar lordosis angle, muscle activity and pain. Methods : For the 30 people with lumbar lordosis angle legion and back pain, a random selection was made with MLSE (15) and LSE (15) to measure VAS, lumbar lordosis angle and Muscle Activity. Result : There were significant decreases in intra group comparisons to lumbar lordosis angle were seen in MLSE and LSE groups, and significant decreases in inter group comparisons in MLSE groups. significant decreases in intra group comparisons to VAS were seen in MLSE and LSE groups, and significant decreases in inter group comparisons in MLSE groups. Significant intra-group comparison of muscle activity, MLSE groups increases were rectus obdominis(right/left) and erector spinae muscle(right/left), LSE groups increases were erector spinae muscle(right/left), and significant increases in inter group comparisons rectus obdominis(right) and erector spinae muscle(left) in MLSE groups Conclusion : Based on the above findings, a program to restore the lumbar lordosis angle, and increase muscle strength should be developed at by applying the combine existing trunk stabilization physical therapy technique and musical tempo.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2013

The Interest in disease prevention and rehabilitation is increasing depending on increase of patients with spinal. This is being developed using the spine stabilization device is being studied. So far studies have only evaluated the effect on trunk stabilization exercises but analysis of human movement patterns for active movement and passive movement did not. We assessed the muscle activity of trunk and leg muscle during passive and active tilt mode on eight tilt directions at tilt angle of $30^{\circ}$ using 3-D dynamic postural balance training system. We performed experimental study on the muscular activities of trunk muscle about rectus abdominis, external obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and leg muscle about rectus femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis Anterior, gastrocnemius. As a result, muscle activation was different depending on the direction of movement and pattern. The results indicate that various patterns of spinal stabilization exercise system could be applied to an effective training of chronic low back pain patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.255-298
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• 2003

The purpose of study was to evaluate effects of a trunk muscle strength training on sitting balance of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Five individuals with spastic cerebral palsy(three females. two males; mean aged 6.6) participated three times a week over 6 weeks. Five individuals with spastic cerebral palsy(three females. two males; mean aged 7.0) who did not receive strength training served as control. BPM(Balance Performance Moniter) was used to measured sitting balance and EMG(electromyograph, NORAXON, USA) was used to measured activities of abdominal and erector spine muscle. The obtain result are as follows. 1. The result of this study were following that maximum perturbation area and perturbation velocity were significantly reduced strength training group compared with control group(p<.05). 2. The result of this study were following that maximum perturbation area and perturbation velocity were significantly reduced after strength training compared with pre strength training in strength training group(p<.05). 3. The result of this study were following that maximum perturbation area and perturbation velocity were not significantly reduced at interval of six week in control group(p<.05). 4. The result of this study were following that abdominal muscle activity was significantly increased strength training group compared with control group(p<.05). 5. The result of this study were following that erector spine muscle activity was significantly increased strength training group compared with control group(p<.05). 6. The result of this study were following that abdominal muscle activity and erector spine muscle were significantly increased after strength training compared with pre strength training in strength training group(p<.05). 7. The result of this study were following that abdominal muscle activity and erector spine muscle were not significantly increased at interval of six week in control group(p<.05). In conclusion, the result of this study suggest that improved sitting balance and increased activities of trunk muscle by trunk strength training in spastic cerebral palsy. The result was proposed that therapeutic approach of spastic cerebral palsy with impaired sitting balance should use trunk strength training.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2021

Background: The serratus posterior inferior (SPI) muscle originates from the spinous process of T11-L2 and inserts at the lower border of the 9-12th ribs. This muscle is involved in thoracolumbar rotation and stability. Several positions can be used to improve trunk stability; the quadruped position is a good position for easily maintaining a neutral spine. In particular, during one arm lifting, various muscles act to maintain a neutral trunk position, and the SPI is one of these muscles. If trunk stability is weakened, uncontrolled trunk rotation may occur at this time. Tape can be used to increase trunk stability. There have been no studies on the effect of taping applied to the SPI muscle on thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) stability. Objects: This study compared the TLJ rotation angle between three different conditions (without taping, transverse taping, and SPI muscle direction taping). Methods: Thirty subjects were recruited to the study (18 males and 12 females). The TLJ rotation angle was measured during one arm lifting in a quadruped position (ALQP). Two taping methods (transverse and SPI muscle direction taping) were applied, and the TLJ rotation angle was measured in the same movement. Results: SPI muscle direction taping significantly reduced TLJ rotation compared to that without taping (p < 0.001) and with transverse taping (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the TLJ rotation angle between transverse taping and SPI muscle direction taping (p < 0.017). Conclusion: SPI muscle direction taping reduces the TLJ rotation angle during ALQP. Therefore, SPI muscle direction taping is one method to improve TLJ stability and reduce uncontrolled TLJ rotation during ALQP.