• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.433-439
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• 2018

Purpose: Visual information is one of the most important factors for postural balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual deprivation on the lower extremities and trunk muscle activity on an unstable surface during quiet standing. Methods: Fifteen healthy males from a university population participated in this study. Surface electromyography of the rectus abdominis, the erector spinalis, the vastus femoris oblique, the semitendinosis, the tibialis anterior, and the medial gastrocnemius was measured using EMG equipment (Telemyo 2400, Noraxon, USA). The participants were asked to maintain postural balance on an unstable surface (Balance pad, Airex, USA) for 30 seconds with eyes open and with eyes closed during quiet standing. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the muscle activity of the lower extremities and the trunk between open and closed eyes on an unstable surface. Results: The muscle activity of the trunk and the lower extremities was increased more with eyes closed than with eyes open on the unstable surface during quiet standing. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that visual information could alter lower extremity and trunk muscle activity. Therefore, visual deprivation can be used as a method to improve postural balance.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2014

Purpose: To determine the normative data for the correlation of spinal, pelvic parameters with foot pressure in the young subjects. Methods: The subjects of this study were 39 patients in healthy adults. The Formetric-III was used to measure of spinal alignment. The pedoscan was used to measure of foot pressure. The correlation of trunk imbalance, trunk inclination, lateral deviation with foot pressure. The foot pressure measurement was consisted of maximal/mean pressure, weight contribution. Result: There was a negative correlation of trunk inclination with Max_R. There was a negative correlation of trunk inclination with Max_R. There was a positive correlation of trunk imbalance with Max_L. There was a positive correlation of lumbar lordosis with Mean_R_front, Lt. posterior weight distribution. There was a negative correlation of lumbar lordosis with Lt., Rt. in distribution There was a negative correlation of pelvic tilt with Mean_R_front, Lt. posterior weight distribution. There was a positive correlation of pelvic tilting with Rt. weight distribution, Lt. posterior weight distribution. There was a negative correlation of pelvic torsion with Lt. weight distribution, Rt. posterior weight distribution. There was a negative correlation of pelvic rotation with Lt. weight distribution, Lt. posterior weight distribution. Conclusion: The data obtained from the study may be used for future studies related to correlation of the spinal, pelvic deviation with foot pressure.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to identify of bilateral trunk rotation(BTR) exercise and PNF exercise on gait in the individuals with malalignment syndrome. Methods : Subjects were 32 that were divided 2 groups in 20's generation. Interventions were trunk ratation exercise and PNF exercise. We used Medex for trunk rotation exercise. BTR group received exercise for three-sets (10min/set) along with stretching exercise ten-minutes, 3 times per week. PNF group took turns the D1 pattern in upper extremity and the D1 pattern in the opposite side of lower extremity for three-sets (10min/set). The measurement were force metatarsal 1 (FM 1), impulse metatarsal 1 (IM 1), force heel lat (FHL), impulse heel lat (IHL) by using footscan (RS scan). Statistical method was repeated measurement of ANOVA and p value was 0.05. Results : BTR and PNF group were significantly different in time(FM 1, IM 1, FHL, IHL). As different of right/left, BTR and PNF exercise were significantly different in FM 1, IM 1, FHL. Conclusion : BTR exercise was good exercise for malalignment but needs expensive equipment, for example, Medex. PNF exercise doesn't need expensive equipment but good method in malalignment syndrome person for gait ability. If PNF exercise is more experiment, PNF exercise could use variety for more patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was conducted to find out the effect on the activity of trunk and lower limbs muscles during abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic rearward sloping taping for trunk stabilization movement. Methods : The study subjects were recruited by using the on-campus bulletin boards for healthy adult males and females in their 20s attending K University in Changwon-city, South Gyeongsang Province. The subjects were 30 persons (15 males and 15 females) who agreed to the study purpose in accordance with the criteria for selection and exclusion. Results : The results were obtained by measuring the muscle activity of the trunk and lower limbs during abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic fixed tapping. The effects on erector spinae and hamstring muscles was statistically significantly lower (p<.05), it was confirmed that there were no statistically significant differences between the multifidus and gluteus maximus muscle (p>.05). Conclusion : Through this study, it was found that the excessive flexion of the waist was significantly reduced from erector spinalis and hamstring muscle after abdominal drawing-in bridging exercises by verbal cue on the unstable supporting surface after pelvic rearward sloping tapping compared to the general bridging exercises.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 1978

To obtain some informations for the water supply problems of ${\times}Populus$ albaglandulosa, a series of experiments on the speed of sap movement in the trunk of ${\times}P.$ albaglandulosa was carried out under the different tree age, soil moisture, time of day, and seasonal condition, by method of injecting of 1% Fuchsin solution. The results showed that the speed of sap movement was great in the conditions of low relative humidity, abundant leaves, and high temperature, but it was less influenced by different tree age and soil moisture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2010

This study develops a coverall design for the body shape and movement of infants. This research analyzed these processes: 1. The current coverall styles preferred for infants. 2. The appropriate products for the real size, body shape, movement, and fit of infants. 3. The observations of the 6 months to 9 months movement and development of infants. 4. The design and creation of a new coverall base in this study, and to check the suitable test the developed coverall design for the infant. The result of this study are: A coverall for infants that lie or crawl on the floor must avoid opening in the center front and a gore has to be added at the crotch of the pants for the better movement of infants. These ways provide infants a neat appearance and easy movement. The test of developed designs shows that the developed coverall design covers the size gap of the trunk loop according to the growth of the infant and the movement of the legs; in addition it provides a positive aesthetic effect. The waistline in the developed coverall (a waistline that should exist lower than the body waistline of the infant) can reduce seam stress because the pressure of the seam line can be absorbed in a dipper. It is one of the suitable design points for infants lying prone all day long in this study.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.317-331
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• 2017

Purpose: Balance and walking ability are important elements of functional independence for people with stroke and are major goals in rehabilitation. These abilities require trunk performance, but most chronic stroke patients reach a plateau in their rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a self-training trunk program to improve balance and walking ability in people with stroke, and to suggest such a self-training program for integrated rehabilitation of people with stroke. Methods: The study recruited 7 people with stroke. The subjects performed trunk training for 30 min per day, 6 days per week, for 3 weeks. Participants were measured on the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Korean Activities-specific Balance Confidence (K-ABC) scale, the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and a gait analysis to measure the training effects. Statistical analysis used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as a non-parametric statistical test. Results: TIS was not significantly different after the self-training trunk program, but BBS (p>0.05), K-ABC, and FES were significantly improved after the training program (p<0.05). Furthermore, the 6MWT, stride/height %, and one-leg stance were significantly improved after the training program (p<0.05), but cadence, stance, and swing duration were not significantly different after the training (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that a self-training trunk program should be integrated into stroke rehabilitation to improve balance and walking ability, and further research is needed to develop the program to be more effective for chronic stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of restricted trunk motion on the performances of the maximum vertical jump. Ten healthy males performed normal countermovement jump(NJ) and control type of countermovement jump(CJ), in which subjects were required to restrict trunk motion as much as possible. The results showed 10% decreases of jumping height in CJ compared with NJ, which is primarily due to vertical velocity at take off. NJ with trunk motion produced significantly higher GRF than RJ, especially at the early part of propulsive phase, which resulted from increased moments on hip joint. And these were considered the main factors of performance enhancement in NJ. There were no significant differences in the mechanical outputs on knee and ankle joint between NJ and RJ. With trunk motion restricted, knee joint alternatively played a main role for propulsion, which is contrary on the normal jump that hip joint was highest contributor. And restricted trunk motion resulted in the changes of coordination pattern, knee-hip extension timing compared with normal proximal-distal sequence. In conclusion these results suggest that trunk motion is effective strategy for increasing performance of vertical jumping.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic variables of the upper part of the body for 8 elderly men during walking. For this study, kinematic data were collected using a six-camera (240Hz) Qualisys ProReflex system. The room coordinate system was right-handed and fixed in space, with righted orthogonal segment coordinate systems defined for the head, trunk, and pelvis. Based on a rigid body model, reflective marker triads were attached on the 3 segments. Three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates for each marker were determined at the time of recording using a nonlinear transformation(NLT) technique with ProReflex software (Qualisys, Inc.). Coordinate data were low-pass filtered using a fourth-order Butterworth with cutoff frequency of 6Hz. Three-dimensional angles of the head, trunk, and pelvis segment were determined using a Cardan method. On the basis of each segment angle, angle-angle plot used to estimated the movement coordinations between segments. The conclusions were as follows; (1) During the support phase of walking, the elderly people generally kept their, head the flexional and abductional posture. Particularly, the elderly displayed little internal/external rotation. (2) The elderly people showed extensional and external rotation postures in the trunk movement. Particularly, It showed the change from adduction into abduction at the heel contact event of the stance phase. (3) The elderly people showed almost same pelvis movement from the flexion into extension, from the abduction into adduction, and from internal rotation into external rotation at the mid stance and toe off of the stance phase.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.49-59
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between the segments of the body, the three dimensional anatomical angle according to sweep shot in ice hockey. The subjects of this study were five professional ice hockey players. The reflective makers were attached on anatomical boundary line of body. For the movement analysis three dimensional cinematographical method(APAS) was used and for the calculation of the kinematic variables a self developed program was used with the LabVIEW 6.1 graphical programming(Johnson, 1999) program. By using Eular's equations the three dimensional anatomical Cardan angles of the joint and ice hockey stick were defined. 1. In three dimensional linear velocity of blade the Y axis showed maximum linear velocity almost impact, the X axis(horizontal direction) and the Z axis(vertical direction) maximum linear velocity of blade did not show at impact but after impact this will resulted influence upon hitting puck. 2. The resultant linear velocity of each segment of right arm showed maximum resultant linear velocity at impact. It could be suggest that the right arm swing patterns is kind of push-like movement. therefore the upper arm is the most important role in the right arm swing. 3. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of trunk in flexion-extension showed flexion all around the wrist shot. The angular displacement of trunk in internal-external rotation showed internal rotation angle at the backswing top and and increased the angle after the impact. while there is no significant adduction-abduction. 4. The three dimensional anatomical angular displacement of trunk showed most important role in wrist shot. and is follwed by shoulder joints, in addition the movement of elbow/wrist joints showed least to the shot. this study result showed upperlimb of left is more important role than upperlimb of right.