• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a coordinative locomotor training program on the functional movement screen (FMS) scores of badminton players. Methods: The participants consisted of 31 badminton players who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=16), and engaged in exercise five times per week for six weeks. The experimental group engaged in coordinative locomotor training and the control group engaged in general exercise. An FMS kit (USA) was used to measure the following: FMS score, deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push up, and rotary stability. Results: The FMS score, deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, active straight leg raise, and trunk stability push up showed significant improvement in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The coordinative locomotor training program was able to produce confirmation that functional movement screen scores change in the case of effective exercise interventions in badminton players.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the kinematic characteristics of the national speed skaters in the curve phase of 500-m race. Method: Seven national skaters participated in the study. Race images were acquired using a high - speed camera, and the three-dimensional motion was analyzed. Results: For skaters, whose average velocity in the curve phase is high, the velocity of entry into the straight phase was also fast. The fast skaters showed a larger maximum angle of extension of the knee joints than the relatively slow skaters, and the trunk ROM was smaller. Fast skaters tended to match the timing of the movement of the lower limb with the pelvis, while slow skaters tended to rotate the left pelvis backward. The velocity of the curve phase did not show a clear relationship with stroke time, average trunk angle, and lap time. Conclusion: It is important to skate close to the inner line, keep the trunk ROM below 10 degrees, extend the knee angle to over 160 degrees, and match the movement of the pelvis and lower limb to accelerate in the curve phase. The average velocity of the curves was fast for many athletes, but the competition rankings were low. Therefore, it is possible to improve the performance by optimizing the start technique, the running characteristics of the straight phase, and the physical factors.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different types of rehabilitation training program on the kinetic and kinematic parameters during sit-to-stand movement(STS) in chronic stroke patients. Two groups of hemiparetic patients, experimental and control, participated in the study. The experimental group participated in a 10-week training program (three sessions/wk, $1{\sim}1.5\;hr/session$) consisting of a warm-up, aerobic exercises, lower extremity strengthening. and a cool-down. The control group participated in an aerobic exercise. Three dimensional kinematic analysis and force platform; were used to analyze the duration of STS, lower extremity angle, and weight bearing ability. The experimental group which had more strength of lower extremity displayed decrease in duration of STS. However, the control group showed increases in duration during sit-to-stand movement. The control group flexed their trunk more than the group did Therefore, it took more time to extend their trunk during STS. The duration in sit-to-stand was affected by the strength of lower extremity and the angle of trunk movement. The angles of ankle and knee joint had an influenced on duration of STS. The post experimental group performed with their feet near the front leg of the chair during sit-to-stand, therefore the duration was decreased. The repetitive sit-to-stand movements as a resistance exercise was effective to hemiparetic patients in learning mechanism of sit-to-stand. The control group showed decreased differences in the vertical ground reaction forces between paretic and non-paretic limbs. Their training program included strengthening exercise that may help improving weight bearing ability. The control group showed increases in the center of pressure in the anteroposterior and mediolateral displacement. This means that the stability of movement was low in the control group. Their training program which combined aerobic and strengthening exercises that are more effective to improve the stability of movement.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) translated into Korea in patients with stroke. It also aims to score the quality of trunk movement and to be a tool for the treatment. The TIS consists of three subscales that static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance and co-ordination. The TIS score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 23. Twenty-five stroke patients (13 males, 12 females) were examined by two physiotherapists. Interrater and test-retest reliability were assessed. Kappa and weighted kappa values for the items of the trunk assessment of the TIS ranged from .67 to 1.00. Intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater and test-retest agreement were .95 and .97. Cronbach alpha coefficients for internal consistency range from .87 to .97. The TIS provide reliable assessments for the trunk and are valid scales for measuring trunk performance in patients with stroke. TIS can be used as a guideline for treatment and the assessment of quality of trunk activity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 2013

Purpose: A cost effective tool for the clinical measurement of trunk reposition sense is clearly needed. This study was to analyze intrarater and interrater Reliability of trunk repositioning error (TRE) test which assesses trunk position sense using a portable digital inclinometer. Methods: Twenty four normal healthy subjects were recruited. TRE was measured using a portable digital inclinometer. A digital inclinometer (Acumar-ACU360; Lafayetter Instrument) with precision to $1^{\circ}$ was placed on skin over the spinous process from first to second thoracic vertebra (T1-T2) and secured with double-sided tape. TRE test during sitting forward and lateral flexion movement was assessed. When they reached a point approximately 50% of full trunk flexion range, the examiner instructed the subjects to stop and told them. This was the target position that they should try to reproduce exactly. Each subject performed six trials. Results: ICC (2,1) for intrarater reliability (with-day and between-day) of TRE test in sagittal and frontal plane of movement was 0.75 and 0.78 (excellent reliability). Interrater reliability was 0.66 in sagittal and 0.64, frontal plane (fair to good reliability). However, there were poor correlations between an average of TRE test in sagittal and frontal plane. Conclusion: TRE test using a portable digital inclinometer demonstrated good to excellent reliability. The device may be a cost effective clinical measurement for trunk reposition sense measurement.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate effect of core stabilization exercises on the erector spinae contractile properties and trunk isokinetic muscle function of middle age with low physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. Method: Twenty (female: n=10, male: n=10) middle-age subjects (age: 37.25 ± 6.08 years, height: 168.01 ± 6.84 cm, weight: 71.37 ± 11.75 kg) participated in this study. Tensiomyography was measured on the erector spinae, and the isokinetic trunk muscle function test was measured at an angular velocity of 60 °/s and 90 °/s. All subjects performed the core stabilization exercises for 60 min per day, 3 times a week, for 7 weeks. A paired t-test was performed with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Tensiomyography of the erector spinae revealed a significant post-exercise increase in the maximum radial displacement (p < .05) and velocity of contraction (p < .05), however, there wasn't a significant post-exercise change in the contraction time. Additionally, the isokinetic muscle function test of the trunk revealed a significant post-exercise increase in trunk extensor relative strength (p < .05) and strength ratio (p < .05). Conclusion: Our results indicated that core stabilization exercises reduced erector spinae muscle stiffness, increased the velocity of erector spinae contraction. Additionally, data showed the improvement in the trunk extensor strength help induce a more balanced development in trunk muscle.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of performing the half squat exercise with Kinesio taping (HSEKT) on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity and balance ability in general university students. Methods: The 32 participants were randomly assigned to either the HSEKT group (half squats with Kinesio taping) or the control group (half squats with sham Kinesio taping). Both groups performed half squats with either Kinesio taping (HSEKT group) or sham Kinesio taping (control group) for 30 min/day, 3 times/week for 6 weeks. The Noraxon mini direct transmission system (DTS) electromyography (EMG) system was used to evaluate trunk and lower extremity muscle activity. BioRescue equipment was used to measure the movement area of the center of pressure with eyes open and eyes closed. The muscle activity of the trunk and lower extremities and the balance ability of all participants were measured before and after the intervention. An independent t-test was used to statistically analyze the pre- and post-intervention EMG and balance ability results. Results: The trunk and lower extremity muscle activity was found to have significantly improved in the HSEKT group and the control group after the intervention (p < 0.05). Also, the balance ability of the HSEKT group differed significantly after 6 weeks of training compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study show that performing half squats with Kinesio taping had a positive effect on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity and balance ability in general university students.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.86-96
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• 2004

A clinical study about painful manifestation on lumbar with regard to movement change of trunk The purpose of this study is to present the basis of low back pain therapy which is close examined of back muscle that is the main reason for that case of back pain when trunk rotation, flexion and extension. Therefore this study, which is based on literature review and clinical experience, has tried to figure out that back pain which is considered to be significant for the most increasing time, posture, motion, painful area, involved muscle have any influence on trunk rotation, flexion and extension This study has done with the patients in oriental rehabilitation clinic, K-oriental hospital, from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2003. Total cases were 145(male:$39\%$-52 patients, female:$64.1\%$-93 patients) those who complained lumbosacral pain with radiating that makes patient unable to bending or extending the trunk. And they were surveyed retrospect way, checking the medical record and that of therapist. Results are as followings. 1. For sprain patient, $34.5\%$ complained pain on extension, and among them, the most remarkably, patients who did right rotation extension pattern were $20\%$. Herniated disc patient shows greater limit on flexion when trunk moves bending route, but right rotation with extension pattern shows the most limitation on flexion-extension according to the rotation of trunk 2. Cases of morning back pain($60.5\%$) showed high value on right rotation extension pattern($18.6\%$), right rotation flexion pattern($16.3\%$) but did not show big difference on left flexion and extension pattern 3. Patients those who complain pain on sitting position showed highest value each left, right $14.6\%$ of left and right rotation extension pattern 4. Among extension painful patient, there showed highest value of each $32.5\%$ on right rotation extension pattern, and $20.0\%$ on right rotation flexion pattern. 5. Tenderness distribution of quadratus lumborum showed $34.5\%$ on right rotation extension pattern, $20.7\%$ on left rotation extension pattern, and that of iliopsoas muscle at right rotation flexion pattern showed right muscle $20.0\%$, left $50.0\%$ Derived from the results of survey above, for sprain and HIVD patient showed greatest pain on right rotation pattern, for pain plus patient on right rotation extension among those who has extreme pain on sitting in the morning described tenderness on right quadratus lumborum, and those who complain pain on left rotation extension described tenderness on left lumborum the most Decisively, it is possible to figure out the problem muscle that involved when I found the time, position, motion that aggravating and painful area. Therefore this study would be expected to be able to be a useful clinical materials on diagnosis and therapy of low back pain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of trunk position sense through visual cue deprivation balance training in subacute stroke patients. METHODS: The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: experimental(n=10) and control(n=10). Both groups performed balance training on sitting for 30minute after measurements. Trunk position sense test was assessed using the David back concept to determine trunk repositioning error for four movement(flexion, extension, affected side lateral flexion, non-affected side lateral flexion). Measurements on each test were assessed prior to the balance training and then immediately following the balance training. RESULTS: In comparison of the difference of the trunk position sense between groups, the experimental group decreased significantly in trunk repositioning error of flexion, extension and affected side lateral flexion than control group(p<.05). CONCLUSION: The trunk position sense of the experimental group showed more improvement after the balance training program compared to the control group, Therefore, these results suggest that visual cue deprivation training is considered an effective exercise method for individuals with subacute stroke.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.353-368
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• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of trunk exercise using less-affected extremities on gait and balance in chronic stroke patients. Methods: Thirty subjects with chronic stroke disease were divided into two groups: a trunk exercise group that used less-affected extremities (n=15) and a general trunk exercise group (n=15). All interventions were conducted 30 min a day, 6 times per week, for 3 weeks. Gait parameters were measured before and after the intervention using Zebris FDM-1.5. In addition, all subjects were evaluated using the Trunk Impairment Scale, the Berg Balance Scale, and the Functional Gait Assessment before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups showed improvements on all outcome measured pre- to post-intervention (p<0.05). The groups exhibited significant differences for TIS, BBS, FGA, gait speed, step length, and cadence at post-intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that trunk exercise using less-affected extremities has therapeutic benefits on gait and balance in individuals with chronic stroke disease.