• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.779-786
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• 2018

There have been previous attempts to observe the occurrence of dynamic ferritic transformation at temperatures even above $Ae_3$ in a low-carbon steel, and not only in steels, but recently also in titanium alloys. In this study, a new approach is proposed that involves treating true stress-true strain curves in uniaxial compression tests at various temperatures, and different strain rates in 0.1C-6Ni steel, which is a model alloy used to decelerate the kinetics of ferrite transformation from austenite. The initial flow stress up to peak stress was used to analyze the change in dynamic softening phenomena, such as dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization, and dynamic transformation. It is worth mentioning that for predicting the occurrence of dynamic transformation, flow stress before reaching peak stress is much more sensitive to the change in the dynamic softening rate due to dynamic transformation, compared to peak stress. It was found that the occurrence of dynamic ferritic transformation could be successfully obtained even at temperatures above $Ae_3$ once the deformation condition was satisfied. This deformation condition is a function of both the strain rate and the deformation temperature, which can be described as the Zener - Hollomon parameter. In addition, the driving force of dynamic ferritic transformation might be much less than that of the dynamic recrystallization of austenite at a given deformation condition. By applying this technique, it is possible to predict the occurrence of dynamic transformation more sensitively compared with the previous analysis method using peak stress during deformation.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

Stress triaxiality is recognized as one of the most important factors for predicting the failure strain of ductile metals. This study dealt with the effect of the average stress triaxiality on the failure strain of a typical low-temperature high-strength marine structural steel, EH36. Tensile tests were carried out on flat specimens with different notches, from relatively smooth to very sharp levels. Numerical simulations of each specimen were performed by using ABAQUS. The failure initiation points in numerical simulations were identified from a comparison of the engineering stress vs. strain curves obtained from experiments with simulated ones. The failure strain curves for various dimensionless critical energy levels were established in the average stress triaxiality domain and compared with the identified failure strain points. It was observed that most of the failure initiation points were approximated with a 100% dimensionless critical energy curve. It was concluded that the failure strains were well expressed as a function of the average stress triaxiality.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.619-638
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• 2006

Low temperature irradiation can significantly harden metallic materials and often lead to strain localization and ductility loss in deformation. This paper provides a review on the radiation effects on the deformation of metallic materials, focusing on microscopic and macroscopic strain localization phenomena. The types of microscopic strain localization often observed in irradiated materials are dislocation channeling and deformation twinning, in which dislocation glides are evenly distributed and well confined in the narrow bands, usually a fraction of a micron wide. Dislocation channeling is a common strain localization mechanism observed virtually in all irradiated metallic materials with ductility, while deformation twinning is an alternative localization mechanism occurring only in low stacking fault energy(SFE) materials. In some high stacking fault energy materials where cross slip is easy, curved and widening channels can be formed depending on dose and stress state. Irradiation also prompts macroscopic strain localization (or plastic instability). It is shown that the plastic instability stress and true fracture stress are nearly independent of irradiation dose if there is no radiation-induced phase change or embrittlement. A newly proposed plastic Instability criterion is that the metals after irradiation show necking at yield when the yield stress exceeds the dose-independent plastic instability stress. There is no evident relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic strain localizations; which is explained by the long-range back-stress hardening. It is proposed that the microscopic strain localization is a generalized phenomenon occurring at high stress.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.256-261
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• 2000

In this study, we derived work-hardening exponent using continuous indentation test technique. Continuous indentation test technique is a powerful method to evaluate mechanical properties, such as hardness, modulus, ${\sigma}-{\varepsilon}$ curves and etc. It has many merits conventional indentation test has. The relationship between true stress and mean contact pressure and between strain and indentation depth were derived. While the indenter pushes the materials, the region around the indenter is deflected elastically. It is called elastic deflection. And pile-up phenomenon related to plastic deformation around the indenter increased the contact depth, and sink-in phenomenon decreases. So we calibrated contact depth change by considering elastic deflection and pile-up/sink-in. Using calibrated contact depth we redefined the relationship between true stress and mean contact pressure and between strain and contact depth. Through these relationship we could derive work-hardening exponent by analyzing load-depth curves. And it showed good agreement with tensile test results.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.139-141
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• 2007

Compression tests were carried out to investigate morphologies of compressed specimen, deformation microstructure and stress-strain relation in high-nitrogen austenite stainless steel. Tests were performed under a wide range of temperature and, with true strain rates up to $\dot{\varepsilon}$ =0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and $1.0s^{-1}$. The activation energy of loading force was equal to plastic deformation energy within the temperature range of $900^{\circ}C$ to $1250^{\circ}C$. Dynamically recrystallized grain size decreased with an increasing strain rate and temperature. Flow stresses and deformation microstructures, were used to quantify the critical strain rate and recrystallized grain size. The grain size versus strain rate-temperature map obtained in the study was in good agreement with the deformation microstructures of compressed specimens.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.42-45
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• 2012

The mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution during high temperature tensile deformation of recrystallized Ni3Al polycrystals doped with boron were investigated as functions of initial grain size, tensile strain rate and temperature. In order to obtain more precise information on the deformation mechanism, tensile specimens were rapidly quenched immediately after deformation at a cooling rate of more than $2000Ks^{-1}$, and were then observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical tests in the range of 923 K to 1012 K were carried out in a vacuum of less than $3{\times}10^{-4}$ Pa using an Instron-type machine with various but constant cross head speeds corresponding to the initial strain rates from $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ to $3.1{\times}10^{-5}s^{-1}$. After heating to deformation temperature, the specimen was kept for more than 1.8 ks before testing. The following results were obtained: (1) Flow behavior was affected by initial strain size; with decreasing initial grain size, the level of a stress peak in the true stress-true strain curve decreased, the steady state region was enlarged and elongation increased. (2) On the basis of TEM observation of rapidly quenched specimens, it was confirmed that dynamic recrystallization certainly occurred on deformation of fine-grained ($3.3{\mu}m$) and intermediate-grained ($5.0{\mu}m$) specimens at an initial strain rate of $3.1{\times}10^{-5}s^{-1}$ and at 973 K. (3) There were some dislocation-free grains among the new recrystallized grains. The obtained results suggest that both dynamic recrystallization and grain boundary sliding are operative during high temperature deformation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1357-1365
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• 2009

In this study, we enhance the numerical approach of Lee et al.$^{(1)}$ to spherical indentation technique for property evaluation of hyper-elastic rubber. We first determine the friction coefficient between rubber and indenter in a practical viewpoint. We perform finite element numerical simulations for deeper indentation depth. An optimal data acquisition spot is selected, which features sufficiently large strain energy density and negligible frictional effect. We then improve two normalized functions mapping an indentation load vs. deflection curve into a strain energy density vs. first invariant curve, the latter of which in turn gives the Yeoh-model constants. The enhanced spherical indentation approach produces the rubber material properties with an average error of less than 3%.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of the chemical composition and the relative density on the plastic deformation behavior of sintered Fe-based alloys by means of compressive tests. Overall compressive stresses increased as the amount of alloying elements and the relative density were respectively increased. Addition of alloying elements except for Mo increased the yield stress regardless of the relative density. The relationship between the effects of the chemical composition and the relative density and the mean rate of the stress increase was analyzed. A constitutive equation based on the Ludwik equation with the regressed parameters was proposed to predict the compressive true stress-true strain curves of the sintered Fe-based alloys. The K and n values used in the proposed equation were regressed as a function of the alloying elements and the relative density based on the individual K and n values. The plastic deformation behavior predicted using the proposed constitutive equation showed reliable accuracy compared with experimental data.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2017

In order to reduce the weight of the blow motor case and to maintain the strength of the motor joint, the mechanical joining strength is to be predicted. The true stress - true strain curves for finite element analysis were obtained through tensile tests of HGI and DP 780 steel. The mechanical joining strength was predicted through an explicit finite element analysis and the accuracy of the predicted results was verified by actual sample test. The regression equation for predicting the mechanical joining strength to the thickness of the DP 780 steel was derived. The minimum thickness of DP 780(1.2mm), which is equivalent to the joining strength of HGI(2.6mm), was derived from the equation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.606-613
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• 2005

Effects of circumferentially local wall thinning on the fracture behavior of pipes were investigated by monotonic four-point bending. Local wall thinning was machined on the pipes in order to simulate erosion/corrosion metal loss. The configurations of the eroded area included an eroded ratio of d/t= 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8, and an eroded length of ${\ell}\;=10mm,$ 25mm, and 120mm. Fracture type could be classified into ovalization, local buckling, and crack initiation depending on the eroded length and eroded ratio. Three-dimensional elasto-plastic analyses were also carried out using the finite element method, which is able to accurately simulate fracture behaviors excepting failure due to cracking. It was possible to predict the crack initiation point by estimating true fracture ductility under multi-axial stress conditions at the center of the thinned area.