• 무역상무연구
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• 제21권
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• pp.129-151
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• 2003

Nowadays even if environment of international commercial transaction is changing quickly municipal law could not meet with such change accordingly. So far, however, efforts towards unification have prevailingly taken the form of binding instruments, such as non-national or supranational legislation, international conventions or international model laws. Among them, the UNIDROIT Principles with parties' autonomous and yet non-binding character do not only meet the substantive requirements of a true law merchant. In addition they also counter some of the main points of criticism against the modern lex mercatoria. As such the Principles constitute a cornerstone in the lex mercatoria debate and may become the heart of the new lex mercatoria. The purpose of this article is to ask whether there could be applied the Principles in international commerce. For the purpose it is to investigate when the Principles are applied in international commerce and how effectively the Principles are applied for the decision in international commercial disputes. Even though the Principles are used for reference by parties involved for the voluntary regulation of their contract, it is sufficiently expected that the Principles are to be a stepstone of uniform contract law in international commerce. Until now cases of appling the Principles are not satisfied with its expectation as a source of non-legislative means of unification or harmonization of law. Given the party's autonomy in the contract, this is among other things because business parties are strongly tend to observe their national laws in their international commerce. And also, even though there are a number of neutral and uniform regulations for international commercial contracts, parties do not often recognize their usefulness with being up to expectation. In order to explore the applicability of the Principles a number of cases of ICC International Court of Arbitration and others are quoted.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제29집
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• pp.1-36
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• 2017

본 연구는 대순사상의 참동학 위상정립을 위한 미래관 연구를 목적으로 한다. 참동학은 '수운의 사후 구천상제를 믿음으로 말미암아 참생명·참생각·참생활의 미래상을 구현하여 세상복록과 선경복락을 함께 누리는 새 동학'을 말한다. 역사적으로 동학의 시천주와 대순의 천지공사는 상관연동으로 참생명 밝힘의 대순기화 전망을 나타냈고, 동학의 양천주와 대순의 시학시법은 상관연동으로 참생각 밝힘의 대순이화 전망을 드러냈으며, 동학의 인내천과 대순의 천운구인은 상관연동으로 참생활 밝힘의 대순실화 전망을 구현하였다. 본 연구는 동학사상과 대순사상 관련문헌을 분석하는 문헌조사 방법과 영성(Spirit)과 마음(Mind)의 상통에서 드러난 대순사상 참동학의 미래전망을 모색하고자 생명철학 생성론 방법을 활용하고자 한다. 대순사상 참동학의 미래전망은 생명(生命)·생각(生覺)·생활(生活)의 삼차연동으로 이루어진다. 사람사이를 이어주고 매개하는 '대순진리의 공공(公共)하는 영성(靈性)'은 세 양상으로 드러난다. 먼저 구천상제 믿음의 '활명개신(活命開新)'에 의한 '참생명 밝힘'의 대순기화 전망, 구천상제·개체생명의 상관연동성을 깨닫는 '무심개신(無心開新)'에 의한 '참생각 밝힘'의 대순이화 전망, 일상생활 변화의 '지성개신(至誠開新)'에 의한 참생활 밝힘의 대순실화 전망으로 집약된다. 참동학은 수운을 대신한 구천상제의 인신강세와 구천상제 강세지에 해당하는 남조선 중심 세계구원이 공공차원으로 작동하여 새 밝힘을 이룬다. 대순기화는 천지공사로서 '영혼의 영토화'를 기화차원에서 치유하고, 대순이화는 시학시법으로 '영혼의 식민지화'를 이화차원에서 치유하며, 대순실화는 천운구인으로 '영혼의 사물화'를 실화차원에서 치유하기에, '대순진리의 공공하는 영성'은 삼차원 상관연동으로 미래전망을 밝힌다. 결국 삼차원 상관연동의 영성치유를 통해 참동학은 자타(自他) 사이의 원한·원망·원증을 공공으로 치유하며 상생사회로 발전시킨다. 참동학은 대순종통의 계승자, 정산(鼎山)·우당(牛堂)에 의해 계승되어 삼차연동을 구현했다. 한민족과 인류미래를 향한 위대한 세계시민성 선언은 '만국활계남조선' 선언으로 나타났으며, 개체생명과 구천상제, 우주생명과 상관연동으로 생명·생각·생활의 유기체를 이루어 미래전망을 밝힌다. 생명과학 인식론에서는 생명을 '물(物=대상·객체·실체)'로 관찰·분석·조작(操作)'한다면, 생명철학 생성론에서는 생명을 '사(事=주체적으로 자각·각성·체인하는 사건·사태·동태)'로 체득한다. 이 글에서는 생명철학 생성론 관점에서 대순사상의 참동학을 규명함으로써 개체생명과 구천상제의 우주생명이 함께·더불어·서로서로를 열어 삼차연동으로 개신(開新)하는 미래전망의 새 밝힘을 다루고자 한다. 대순사상의 참동학은 '공공하는 영성'을 생명지(生命知)·체험지(體驗知)·실천지(實踐知)의 삼차연동으로 작동시킴으로 고품격의 영성을 구현할 뿐만 아니라 영성작용의 충실도를 높여 보다 넓고 보다 깊게 미래지향의 전망으로 거듭나게 한다.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.8.1-8.3
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• 2013

Unlike the traditional view, it is not mysterious about how G. Mendel chose the seven characters of the pea, Pisum sativum, that he studied. He first chose the pea that met three conditions he set up and repeated experiments for two years. Apparently, he knew that those characters were controlled by countable elements. Then, he derived the prediction on the basis of his idea about the elements, and selected the seven characters that satisfied the prediction. He knew "no prediction no science". In population genetics the Hardy-Weinberg principle is well known and cited in many papers and books. However, Mendel already derived the same principle in his paper, because he was acquainted also with physics and mathematics. Actually, the principle was trivial when they derived, but not at all when Mendel did. It is also well known that Mendel's laws were forgotten and rediscovered at the term of the 19th century. That may not be true either. His laws were internationally well known before the rediscovery. In fact, the 1881-year version of the Encyclopedia Britannica contains his laws.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.297-336
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• 2009

In modern industrial society carriage of dangerous goods by sea becomes more increasing than ever before. Dangerous goods are required for special care and handling in that shipment of dangerous goods could affect safety of the vessel and other cargoes. It is also true that dangerous goods could be used as a means of terrorism. his article investigates allocation of risk and liabilities between parties involved in the carriage of dangerous goods by sea. More specifically, this study examines principles of strict liability of the shipper in shipment of dangerous goods with some limitations based upon recent cases. Furthermore this article investigates the issues on identity of shipper who bears strict liability to the carrier where there exist actual or documentary shipper other than the contractual shipper. Lastly, whether it is reasonable that the transfer of strict liability to the transferee, who does not have opportunity to verify dangerous nature of the goods before shipment, by endorsing bills of lading will be discussed critically.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.185-202
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• 2009

With the rapid development of oil and chemical industry in the late 20C, massive transportation of oil by oil tanker vessel has grown and it caused the big oil pollution accidents. When oil spill from the oil tanker, damages reach into the astronomical figures in economically and damages affect wide area and many people with break the balance of ecosystem. Recently in Korea, the oil pollution accidents has occurred frequently as growing of oil consumption and it caused large-scale damages to the victim. Oil pollution in Korea offshore takes not only Korean fisherman from their life ground and break the ecosystem but it takes too much time and money to recover. To minimize oil pollution damages, it is necessary to make pre-caution effort as a ship owner and relevant government bodies should endeavor to prevent from more damages. But once oil pollution accidents occurs in territorial sea, compensation for victim is very important. But it is true that compensation is not paid to victim smoothly. So this study aims at the problems of oil pollution compensation to the Korean victim and find the best way to get reasonable compensation.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1999년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.781-787
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• 1999

In this note, we propose two methods of adaptive sliding mode control(SMC) schemes in which fuzzy systems(FS) are utilized to approximate the unknown system functions. In the first method, a FS is utilized to approximate the unknown function f of the nonlinear system $\chi$$^{(n)}$$\chi$＝f(equation omitted), t)＋b(equation omitted), t)u and the robust adaptive law is proposed to reduce the approximation errors between the true nonlinear function and fuzzy approximator, FS. In the second method, two FSs are utilized to approximate f and b, respectively. The robust control law is also designed. The stabilities of proposed control schemes are proved.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.159-163
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• 2004

This study was conducted to calculate the permeability coefficient in a single fracture while taking the true fracture geometry into consideration. The fracture geometry was measured using the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The CLSM geometry data were used to reconstruct a fracture model for numerical analysis using a homogenization analysis (HA) method. The HA is a new type of perturbation theory developed to characterize the behavior of a micro-inhomogeneous material that involves periodic microstructures. The HA permeability was calculated based on the local geometry and local material properties (water viscosity in this case). The results show that the permeability coefficients do not follow the theoretical relationship of the cubic law.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.681-698
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• 2000

As volume of international trade is growing importance for service business and service trade are also increasing. Increasing importance of service trade in Korea is also a reflection of such international trading. In this treatise this writer did not address various topics in relation to international trade arising from service trade. But confined the topic to study of concept of service and concept and patterns of service trade. Depending on scholars concept of service may be varied and this holds true also with concept of service trade which also lends itself to various classification. Among them if the focus is concentrated to tax standard in international trade then it can be classified into service transaction. In other words classification can be made according to service trade separated from commodities transaction with embodiment of service and service trade accompanying commodities transaction. In this treatise this writer confined the topic to introduction of international service trade but issues arising in relation to such trade internationally are varied. For this reason more study on such topics will be required in future.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제40권
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• pp.147-167
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• 2008

This paper investigates changing business transaction under the e-commerce environment and their implications on freight transport industry with some case studies. It shows that an efficient and reliable delivery system is essential for e-commerce as business industries are faced with the stricter and more diversified demands of customer. In addition, many aspects of business practices such as small batch, customized production and just-in-time distribution in the e-commerce environment, in turn, bring about a number of changes in the volume and service patterns of freight transport. E-commerce requires longer transport distances and often higher delivery frequencies. It also entails to a certain extent a modal shift towards truck and air freight transport modes. On the one hand, the logistical requirements of e-commerce goods may stimulate greater complexity in existing supply chain management, causing higher costs. However it is true that the increased visibility of goods through more efficient information flow allows more efficient and effective transport management in the logistics system.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1996

The Debreu-Gale-Nikaido theorem [2] is a potential tool to prove the existence of a market equilibrium price. Walras' law is of a quantitative nature (i.e. it measures the value of the total excess demand), and it is interesting to note that the existence result holds true under some qualitative assumptions. In fact, the Debreu-Gale-Nikaido theorem states that the continuity of the excess demand function and Walras' law has the following implication : For some price and corresponding value of the excess demand function, it is not possible to respond with a new price system such that the value at the new price of every element in the value of the demand function associated with the old price system is strictly positive.