• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.340-351
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• 2019

In this study, the relationship between trophic state indices was analyzed based on the monthly or weekly water quality data of 81 lakes (mostly man-made) in Korea between 2013-2017. Carlson's $TSI_C$ and Aizaki's $TSI_m$ were calculated using the summer (Jun.-Sep.) average data at the upper water layer. The previous Korean trophic state index ($TSI_{KO}$) and the newly suggested index ($TSI_{KON}$) was calculated using the annual average data at the whole layer and at the upper layer, respectively. While previous trophic state index (TSI) such as Carlson's TSI included logarithmic function, we devised newly Monod-type $TSI_{KON}$(Chl) that is 50 when half-saturation concentration of chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ ($Chl.{\alpha}$) measured by UNESCO-method is $10{\mu}gL^{-1}$. MMF-type $TSI_{KON}$(TP) was derived based on the relationship between TP and $Chl.{\alpha}$. A comprehensive $TSI_{KON}$ was decided as the larger one of the two $TSI_{KON}$ values. The range of previous TSI was usually 40-50 for the mesotrophic state, which seemed narrow to discriminate trophic characteristics of the class. The upper limits of $TSI_{KON}$ for oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic state were set to 23, 50 and 75, respectively. Classification by $TSI_C$ and $TSI_m$ showed higher frequency of eutrophic class compared to $TSI_{KO}$ and $TSI_{KON}$. This means that the estimation by TSIs developed in foreign natural lakes can lead to distorted results in the classification of the trophic state of Korean lakes. This is due to the decrease of transparency by non-algal material and the reduction in phosphorus availability to algal growth, particularly in Monsoon period.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2008

This study was carried out to assay the relationships between empirical factors and water quality in 23 agricultural reservoirs. Based on the trophic state index (TSI) deviation analysis, phosphorus in type II and III was the primary limiting factor on algal growth. BOD, COD, TP and chl.a concentration in type III reservoirs showed higher concentration than those of other types, while SS and TN concentration was no noticeable difference among three types. Characteristics of type III reservoirs showed large reservoir surface and drainage area, large surface area to volume (SAV) ratio, small drainage area to reservoir area (DA/RA) ratio, relatively old age, large paddy field and upland field to drainage area ratio (Mean 17.4%) and high generation and discharge loads compared to other types of reservoirs. In type I and II reservoirs, trends of BOD, TN, TP concentration in water column, were similar to those of the discharge load of pollutants. Although type II reservoirs generally showed low phosphorus discharge loads compared to type I reservoirs, TP and chl.a concentration in water column was greater than that of type I. Characteristics of type II reservoirs showed relatively large SAV ratio and old age compared to type I reservoirs and was similar to those of type III including eutrophic reservoirs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.273-276
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• 2009

A 54-year-old man experienced injury to the second finger of his left hand due to damage from a paintball gun shot 8 years prior, and the metacarpo-phalangeal joint was amputated. He gradually developed mechanical allodynia and burning pain, and there were trophic changes of the thenar muscle and he reported coldness on his left hand and forearm. A neuroma was found on the left second common digital nerve and was removed, but his symptoms continued despite various conservative treatments including a morphine infusion pump on his left arm. We therefore attempted median nerve stimulation to treat the chronic pain. The procedure was performed in two stages. The first procedure involved exposure of the median nerve on the mid-humerus level and placing of the electrode. The trial stimulation lasted for 7 days and the patient's symptoms improved. The second procedure involved implantation of a pulse generator on the left subclavian area. The mechanical allodynia and pain relief score, based on the visual analogue scale, decreased from 9 before surgery to 4 after surgery. The patient's activity improved markedly, but trophic changes and vasomotor symptom recovered only moderately. In conclusion, median nerve stimulation can improve chronic pain from complex regional pain syndrome type II.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2013

In order to classify the trophic state and environmental quality of marine coastal system, an approach using the characteristics and biochemical composition in the sediments can be available. This research, including 25 coastal bay, belong to 131 stations, was carried out along the south coasts of Korea in February 2007. Type of sediment, total ogranic carbon, total nitrogen, phytopigments and biochemical composition(proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) were analyzed. Result from Multi-dimensional Scaling(MDS) ordination indicates that four group can be identified. The result of ANOVA with tukey test shows that the concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates and biopolymeric carbon were significantly different to four groups. We propose the trophic state classification for these groups using the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter. I group(Masan, Jinhae, Haengam) has been defined as hypertrophic state, II group(Tongyeong, Goseong；Jaran, Geoje et al.), as eutrophic; III group(Gamak, Deungnyang, Yeoja et al.), as mesotrophic and IV group(Sinan, Jindo, Muan), as oligotrophic. On the basis of results reported in this study, the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter could be considered an useful and sensitive tool for the classification of the trophic state of marine coastal systems.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4 s.100
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• pp.249-256
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• 2002

The variation of trophic state was measured in a reservoir (Lake Andong, Korea) from 1993 to 2000. Phosphorus loading from the watershed was estimated by measuring total phosphorus concentration in the main inflowing stream (the Nakdong River). Phosphorus discharge from the pen-type fish farms was estimated from the amount of fish feed and the rate of phosphorus excretion per feed weight. The transparency in summer was about 2.0 m in 1993 and 1994, but it decreased to about 1.2 m in 1997 and 1998, and recovered to about 2.3 m in 1999 and 2000. TP increased from $11-30\;mgP/m^3$ in 1993 to $18-42\;mgP/m^3$ in 1998, but recovered to $8-13\;mgP/m^3$ in 2000, whereas TN decreased slightly from 1.81-2.96 mgN/L in 1993 to 1.17-1.80 mgN/L in 2000. TN/TP ratios decreased from 82-281 in 1993 to 21-143 in 1998, but again increased to 101-209 in 2000 due to the decrease of TP. The average chlorophyll-a concentration in growing season was in the range of $4.8-16.2\;mg/m^3$ from 1993 to 1997, but it decreased to $3.7-5.2\;mg/m^3$ after 1998. Trophic State Index had shown a gradual increase until 1996, and since then it has declined. The major cause of the trophic state recovery is thought to be the removal of fish farms in April 1998.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2010

Dietary lipid biomarkers (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols) in adult specimens were analyzed to compare and understand the feeding ecology of the euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, from three geographically and environmentally diverse Korean waters (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea). Total lipid content of E. pacifica from Korean waters was about 10% dry weight (DW) with a dominance of phospholipids (>46.9% of total lipid content), which are known as membrane components. A saturated fatty acid, C16:0, a monounsaturated fatty acid, C18:1(n-9), and two polyunsaturated fatty acids, C20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), were most abundant (>60% of total fatty acids) in the fatty acid composition. Some of the fatty acids showed slight differences among regions although no significant compositional changes of fatty acids were detected between these regions. Phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected all samples. Trace amounts of various fatty alcohols were also detected in E. pacifica. Specifically, krill from the Yellow Sea showed relatively high amounts of longchain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1 and 22:1), generally found in herbivorous copepods. Three different kinds of sterols were detected in E. pacifica. The most dominant of these sterols was cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of herbivory in E. pacifica from the Yellow Sea and East Sea (mainly feeding on dinoflagellates and diatoms, respectively). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of carnivory or omnivory in E. pacifica from the East China Sea, mainly feeding on microzooplankton such as protozoa. In conclusion, lipid biomarkers provide useful information about krill feeding type. However, further analyses and experiments (i.e. gut content analysis, in situ grazing experiment, etc.) are needed to better understand the feeding ecology of E. pacifica in various marine environments.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.240-245
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• 2005

Herein is described the successful treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type II with the combination treatment of spinal cord stimulation and radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the lumbar sympathetic ganglion. A 62 years old male patient, suffering from CRPS type II in his left lower extremity, visited our pain clinic. Medication and nerve blockade produced only slight improvement in his symptoms and signs. Therefore, a linear type spinal cord simulator was inserted into the thoracic epidural space, using a non-surgical percutaneous approach, with the cephalad lead located at the T11 level. Two months later, the repositioning of the electrode to the T12 level for more effective pain control, with radiofrequency thermocoagulation of lumbar sympathetic ganglion also performed at the left L2 and 3 levels for the control of trophic change. These resulted in significant pain relief and decreased trophic change, with no complications, after which the patient was able to resume a normal life.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family proteins, plays a central role in the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Apoptotic signals induce the translocation of Bax from cytosol into the mitochondria, which triggers the release of apoptogenic molecules such as cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF. Bax-inhibiting peptide(BIP) is a cell permeable peptide comprised of five amino acids designed from the Bax-interaction domain of Ku70. Because BIP inhibits Bax translocation and Bax-mediated release of cytochrome C, BIP suppresses Bax-dependent apoptosis. In this study, we observed that BIP inhibited staurosporine-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebral cortex and cerebellar granule cells, but BIP failed to rescue granule cells from trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death, although both staurosporine-induced and trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death are dependent on Bax. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of the Bax activation may differ depending on the type of cell death induction, and thus BIP exhibits selective suppression of a subtype of Bax-dependent neuronal death.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.66-77
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• 2003

Monitoring data from agricultural reservoirs throughout the country were analyzed to classify agricultural reservoirs according to physical characteristics and COD concentrations, and evaluate the relationships bet-ween water quality items. The physical and chemical data of total 498 reservoirs were analyzed from 1990 to 2001. Average COD, TP, TN, Chl-a, SS concentrations for the reservoirs and pollutant loadings from their watersheds were used for the analysis. It was possible that reservoirs were classified to 4 types using the relationships between the ratios of effective storage per water surface (ST/WS ratio) and COD concentrations. It is recommended that the improvement measures of polluted reservoirs should be performed as following order : integrated consolidation type (complex mechanism type) $\rightarrow$ watershed consolidation type $\rightarrow$ integrated consolidation type (external mechanism type) $\rightarrow$ in-lake consolidation type $\rightarrow$ conservation type and the depth (ST/WS ratio) of reservoir maintained over 5~6 m for water quality improvement. The decision coefficients ($r^2$) between Chl-a and other items (COD, T-P, SS, T-N) were 0.6915, 0.6732, 0.5327, 0.3352, respectively. Therefore, reservoir managers could evaluate the trophic state of reservoirs by COD concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.850-859
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• 2010

Structure and succession of zooplankton community studied by hydraulic and ecological characteristics targeting the five lakes in the Han river system from March to December 2008. Results separated by river-type lake and lake-type lake depending on the type of hydraulic, Paldang lake and Cheongpyeong lake were river-type lake, while Chungju lake, Hoengseong lake and Doam lake was lake-type lake. The Paldang lake was a eutrophic lake, zooplankton community density and species number were the most among the five lakes. Relative dominance of the rotifera was the largest and the yearly first dominant species was a small cladocera Bosmina longirostris. The Cheongpyeong lake was a mesotrophic-eutrophic lake, hydraulic characteristics and zooplankton community changes were similar the Paldang lake. Relative dominance of the cladocera was the largest and the yearly first dominant species was a small cladocera Bosmina longirostris. The Chungju lake was a oligotrophic-mesotrophic lake, zooplankton community density was the least among the five lakes. Relative dominance of the copepoda was the largest and the yearly first dominant species was a large cladocera Daphnia galeata. The Hoengseong lake was a oligotrophic-mesotrophic lake, relative dominance of the rotifera was the largest and the yearly first dominant species was a small cladocera Bosmina longirostris. The Doam lake was a mesotrophic-eutrophic lake, zooplankton community density showed dramatic difference at the investigation time. Relative dominance of the rotifera was the largest and the yearly first dominant species was the copepoda Nauplius.