• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1988

When ginseng saponin fractions were treated with secretion regulatory agents, it increased cAMP level at the case of thyrotropin (but the amounts were small). Total saponin increased cAMP level at DEcAMP and isoproterenol, and decreased the level at carbachol and propranolol, but at NaF it had little effect. When diol saponin or triol saponin were treated with secretion regulatory agents, biol saponin decreased cAMP level but triol saponin increased it except for isoproterenol. Also, in propra%olol, which inhibits the increase of CAMP level, diol and triol saponin showed crossing effect, too. From the above results, ginseng saponin fractions are believed that it has the, effects of promotion or inhibition on cAMP production in the thyroid , both diol saponin and triol saponin have crossing effect on thyroid hormone secretion regulatory agents. The normalizatin action of ginseng saponin fractions is notable at the case of NaF and carbachol.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 1985

Attempts were made if diol and triol fractions of ginseng saponin affect on glutamine transport into rat renal cortical mitochondria, swelling, phosphate dependent glutaminase activity, and consumption of oxygen. The following results were obtained. When mitochondrial preparation from rat renal cortex was incubated in medium containing 14C-glutamine and either triol or diol fractions, radioactivity was shown to increase at both 10-6% and 10-5% triol fractions of ginseng saponin, but reduce in case of diol fraction. The remarkable acceleration of the rate of swelling of renal cortical mitochondria was observed in the presence of 10-1% trios and diol fractions but no accerelation at lower concentrations. The activity of phosphate dependent glutaminase from renal cortical mitochondria was slightly activated at 10-2% of triol fraction. However, there was no effect in case of diol fraction. Oxygen consumption by mitochondria from renal cortex was remarkably increased at concentrations of 10-5% and 10-6% triol fractions, but reduced in the case of diol fractions. On the basis of these observations it was concluded that triol fraction of ginseng saponin might increase the transport of glutamine into mitochondria by accelerating the respiratory chain and supplying additional energy to mitochondria, and physiological role of triol fraction was entirely different from that of diol fraction of ginseng saponin.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1985

In order to investigate the biological activity of ginseng saponins, the effects of ginseng saponins on the reaction catalyzed by bacterial a-amylase were studied and the results obtained were summerized as follows. Bacterial ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was increased by the addition of protopanaxadiol (diol), protopanaxatriol (triol) and total saponin. Preincubation of ${\alpha}$-amylase with diol saponin at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3 min increased ${\alpha}$-amylase activity to the degree of 120%. In the protective effect on the heat denaturation of the enzyme, triol saponin protected the heat denaturation for 5 min at $60^{\circ}C$, but diol saponin accelerated the heat denaturation. The hydrolyzates of diol and triol saponin increased the enzyme activity more than the intact diol and triol saponin. In the catalysis system of bacterial ${\alpha}$-amylase, the addition of diol and triol saponin reduced the substrate inhibition in the presence of high concentration of the substrate.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.364-372
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• 1990

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng saponin fractions (total saponin, triol saponin. diol saponin) and lipopolysacrharide (LPS) on the tllmoricidal activity of macrophage. The ginseng saponin fractions had little effect on the tumoricidal activity of macrophage (less than 10%). When the ginseng saponin fractions were treated with LPS, the effects of tumoricidal activation of macrophage increased a relatively high percent, and the total saponin and triol saponin (20-35%) were ulore effectual than diol saponin (15-25%). The effects of ginseng saponin and LPS on the tumoricidal activity of macrophage were mediated by the induction of macrophage-release factor(5) which has(have) the capacity of tumor cell killing. And the quantity of the (actors) was(were) increased by the contact of macrophage with tumor cell.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 1996

To study the effects of ginseng saponin components on the signal transduction in the ac tivation of murine macrophages, phagocytosis and Intracellular calcium concentration of peritoneal exuded mouse macrophages were examined. The phagocytosis was increased significantly after treatment with total saponin, diol-saponin, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$, but triol-saponin was unable to increase phagocytosis. The phagocytosis were increased when H7, a PKC inhibitor, was pretreated and increased significantly by saponin fractions except total saponin. Pertussis toxin, which inactivates G-protein, decreased the phagocytosis. But the phagocytosis was restored to the control level by saponin fractions and the phagocytosis was increased significantly by $Rg_2$ and $Rg_2$. The triol saponin increased phagocytosis approximately by 2-fold as compared with the TMB-8 treated group. Peritoneal exuded macrophages displayed a prominent rise in cytosolic calcium following treatment with triol-saponin, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$ and $Rg_2$. Incubation of macrophages with PT resulted in an inhibition of cytosolic calcium mobilization, but increased cytosolic calcium mobilization with saponin fraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 1988

To investigate the effect of ginseng saponin fractions (total saponin, diol saponin and triol saponin) on the antibody production and on the recovery of immunosuppression in mouse, chick ${\gamma}$-globulin was used as immunogen and CY(cyclophosphamide) as immunosuppressive drug. The effect of ginseng saponin fractions on the production of total serum protein was investigated also. Circulating antibody was measured with ELISA method. Total saponin, dial saponin and triol saponin resulted 4 times higher titer values compared to control group in the production of antibody but resulted no effect on the recovery of immunosuppression induced by CY. From the above results ginseng saponin fractions are believed to effect on intact immune system and to promote antibody production by helping the cooperations among lymphocytes or the growth of lymphocytes. And the increase of total serum protein has no direct relations with the increase of circulatory antibody.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 1985

The effects of total saponin, triol and diol saponin, and prosapogenin of ginseng on the absorption of cholesterol and the component of serum lipids was observed as a function of time using isotopic method. The following results were obtained. 1) Labelled cholesterol absorption was observed to be enhanced after adminstrations of total saponin, triol saponin, and. prosapogenin of ginseng to rat (Sprague Dawley). 2) Decreases in the amount of serum lipid were observed after administration of total saponin and prosapogenin of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 1985

It has been known that the ginseng extracts activate the lipid metabolism in animal body. The experiments were undertaken to elucidate the effects of total, diol, and trial saponin of ginseng on the activities of acyl Co-A synthetase and hydroxyacyl Co-A dehydrogenase involved in fatty acid metabolism in normal albino rat liver. The acyl Co-A synthetase activity, in vitro, was increased by 20% with treatment of 2.5${\times}$10-3% total saponin, by 14% with 2.5${\times}$10-3% diol saponin, arid 30% with 2.5${\times}$10-4% triol saponin, respectively. And the enzyme activity was increased by 27% at 2 hours after intraperitoneal injection of total saponin. Hydroxyacyl Co-A dehydrogenase activity, in vitro, was increased by 77% with 10-4% total saponin, by 64% with 10-2% diol saponin, and by 72% with 10-3% triol saponin, respectively. Also, the enzyme activity, in vivo, was increased by 15.3% and 33% at 2 hours and 4 hours.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1989

The tumoricidal activity of marine macrophage against K562 tumor cells was studied in the presence of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and ginseng saponin. 1 The tumoricidal activity was increased more by LPS treatment with ginseng saponin (44% in 24 hours) than by LPS only (22% in 24 hours). In the case of diol saponin, the tumoricidal activity was increased as much as 35% at concentrations of 10-3 to 1034%. Triol saponin increased the tumoricidal activity more than LPS only treatment at each concentration . 2. When total, dial and triol saponin were added to K.562 tumor cell in various concentration without macrophage, it was found that the ginseng saponin hall no tumoricidal effect. This result suggests that ginseng saponin increases the tumoricidal activity of K562 tumor celts through the tumoricidal activity of the macrophage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.76-89
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• 1985

The effects of ginseng saponin on the activity, phosphorylation, [$^{3}$H] ouabain binding and light scattering (disruption) of purified $Na^{+}$ ,$K^{+}$ -ATPase isolated from the outer medulla of sheep kidney were compared to those of gypsophila saponin, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and Triton X-100 on the same parameters. $Na^{+}$ , $K^{+}$ -ATPase activity, phosphorylation, and [$^{3}H$] ouabain binding were inhibited by ginseng saponin (triol>total>diol), SDS, or Triton X-100, but increased by gypsophila saponin. Low doses of ginseng saponin (3.mu.g saponin/.mu.g protein) decreased phosphorylation sites and ouabain binding site concentration (Bmax) without any change of turnover number and affinity for ouabain binding which were decreased by high dose of ginseng saponin (over 10.mu.g saponin/.mu.g protein), SDS or Triton X-100. On the other hand, gypsophila saponin increased the affinity without any change of Bmax for ouabain binding. Inhibition of $Na^{+}$ ,$K^{+}$ -ATPase activity by ginseng saponin and SDS or Triton X-100 appeared before and after decrease in light scattering, respectively. These data suggest that ginseng saponins (total, diol, triol saponin) inhibit $Na^{+}$ , $K^{+}$ -ATPase activity by specific direct and general detergent action at low and high concentrations, respectively, and this inhibitory action of ginseng sapornin to $Na^{+}$ , $K^{+}$ -ATPase is not general action of all saponins.