• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-175
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• 2000

The present study examined postmetacercarial changes in the excysted metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni maintained in the defined medium Mixture 199 plus 20% calf serum for 7 days at $41^{\circ}C$. The gas phase was atmospheric air. Each culture was inoculated with 25 excysted metacerariae. Cultures were maintained upright in closed 15 ml plastic centrifuge tubes each containing 10 ml of medium plus 200 units of penicillin/ml and $200{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$ of streptomycin/ml. By 4 days in culture, most metacercariae had voided their excretory concretions. Organisms were clumped or solitary at the bottom of the cultures. Many organisms showed flaring of the oral collar and extension of both the collar and tegumentary spines. By 4 days in culture, posterior protuberances or bumps were noted on many of the organisms and some organisms showed abnormal vesicular growths or blebs at their posterior ends. Some mortality was noted in culture by day 5, but most organisms were still alive when the cultures were terminated on day 7.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.645-649
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• 2021

Total 513 heterophyid flukes were collected from a carcass of wild Korean raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis, in Korea. With morphological and molecular characteristics, the flukes were identified to Cryptocotyle lata. The adult C. lata were minute, transparent, pentagonal, 522 ㎛ long by 425 ㎛ wide. Ceca extended into post-testicular region. Ventrogenital sac elliptical, 79 ㎛ by 87 ㎛ with genital pore and ventral sucker. Two testes semielliptical and slightly lobed, located in the posterior region, right testis 173 ㎛ by 155 ㎛, left testis 130 ㎛ by 134 ㎛. In a phylogenetic tree, the fluke specimen of this study was grouped with C. lata divergent from Cryptocotyle lingua. We report here N. procyonoides koreensis first as a natural definitive host of C. lata.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.179-197
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• 1980

A survey was made from March 1978 through Feb. 1979 to know infection rate of parasites and incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 rearing and fattening cattle herds (1746 Korean native cattle, 186 Holstein, 34 Charolais and 2 Hereford) raising in 28 cities and counties of Gyeongbug district. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of nematoda infection was about 49.0% in the examined cattle. These nematodes were identified as Mecistocirrus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Bunostomum sp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides sp. and other 3 species. Infection rate of nematoda in fattening and breeding cattle was higher than that in rearing calves, 44.3% of the positive cattle were infected with 2 to 5 species, and incidence of mixed infection was high in fattening cattle. 2. The rate of coccidal infection was 10.9%. Eimeria $z{\ddot{u}}rni$, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria bukidnonensis were mainly found in the examined cattle. The infection rates of cocidia in Holstein, breeding Korean cows, rearing Korean calves and fattening Korean cattle were 27.3%, 15.8%, 11.2% and 9.1%, respectively. 3. The rate of trematoda was 14.6% with Fasciola spp. (11.2%), Eurytrema spp. (2.0%), and Paramphistomum spp. infections (1.4%). Breeding Korean cows, fattening Korean cattle, Holstein and rearing Korean calves indicated 47.4%, 26.4%, 18.2% and 6.3% incidence of trematoda infections, respectively. of trematoda positive cattle, 76.6% were infected with Fasciola spp., 4. The rate of Theileria and Babesia infection was 62.7% in the examined cattle. Of these positive cattle 5.4% were infected with both parasites, 57.3% with Theileria, and 1.3% of rearing Korean calves and 22.6% of Holstein were found to have parasitized erythrocytes over 1.0%. 5. The incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 herds was 564 cattle (28.7%) of 154 herds (64.2%). of the diseases observed of skin occurred in 354 cattle (18.0%) of 61 herds (25.4%), diseases of respiratory system in 121 cattle (6.1%) of 34 herds (14.2%), diseases of digestive system in 38 cattle (1.9%) of 22 herds (9.2%), diseases of eye in 21 cattle (1.1%) of 13 herds (5.4%), diseases of urogenital system in 8 cattle (0.4%) of 8 herds (3.3%) and the other diseases in 24 cattle (1.2%) of 22 herds (9.2%). 6. Diseases of skin in 1968 cattle of 240 herds werds were observed in the highest incidence. Ringworm was observed in 13.3% of the examined herds, rearing Korean calves and Holstein showed high incidence. Scabies caused by Chorioptes bovis and alopecia localis along with infestation of lice (Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli) were observed in fattening Korean cattlein winter. 7. Diseases of respiratory system occurred frequently in rearing Korean cattle and Holstein. In the diseases of digestive system acute indigestion occurred in fattening Korean cittle, enteritis in rearing Korean calves and Holstein, and coccidiosis in rearing Korean calves maninly. 8. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurred in a fattening Korean cattle herd, sterility (2.0%) in breeding Korean cows, and theileriosis in Holstein calves were also occurred. In addition, poisoning and heat stroke were observed in several cattle.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.16 no.1_2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2000

We investigated the effects of death and gametogenesis by infection of the trematode in the venus clam, Cyclina sinensis. The specimens of C. sinensis were collected monthly at the tidal flat of Kaehwado, Puan-gun and Sangpo aquafarms, Kochang-gun, Chollabuk-do, Korea, from June 1999 to May 2000. One species of a trematode, the metacercaria of Himasthla kusasigi Yamaguti, 1939 (Enchinistomatidae), was found in the venus clam, C. sinensis. Infection rates in Kaehwado area and Sangpo aquafarm were average 93% and 81%, respectively. Infection rates during the study period reached the maximum (100%) in September 1999 and March-April 2000 and showed the minimum (80%) in July in Kaehwado, while those in Sangpo aquafarm showed the maximum (99%) in January 2000 and the minimum (47%) in November 1999. The infection parts of the metacercaria of H. kusasigi in the venus clam were the visceral mass, gill, mantle including the foot. Their infection rates in Kaehwado area and Sangpo aquafarm were 76.7% and 81.3% in the visceral mass, 19.1% and 14.5% in the gill, and 5,1% and 4.2% in the mantle, respectively. Infection rates of H. kusasigi showed higher with the increase of the size of the clams. No abnormal characteristics in the various tissues by histological observations were found in the clams infected by the metacercaria of H. kusasigi because this clam is the second intermediate host.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.317-331
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• 1990

Chromosomes of gonadal tissues from Fasciola spp, Eurytrema pancreaticum and Calicophoron calicophorum occurred Korean cattle were egamined using modified air-drying method. To compare their phenotype with three different genotypes among Fasciola spp, the adult and egg si2e were measured since they have been known as important taxonomical characters. The results obtained were as followed; Cattle liver fluke, Fasciola spp were classified into three types based on their chromosomal complements such as individual with 2o chromosome(diploid), 30 chromosome(triploid) and 20/30 mosaic constitution(mixoploid). The propotions of appearance of three types were 40.00%, 54.29% and 5.71%, respectively. The frequency of three types in type I which was regarded as F gigantica were 58.82% for diploid, 35.29% for triploid and 5.88% for mixoploid, but in type II which was regarded as F hepatica were 72.2% for triploid, 22.22% for diploid and 5.56% for mixoploid. Egg length of triploid forms was significantly larger than that of diploid forms and egg size of mixoploid forms was similiar to that of triploid forms. Worm size of triploid forms was larger than that of diploid forms and was more similar to that of mixoploid forms, but the statistical data were not significant. Diploid chromosome consisted of one pair of metacentric chromosome(m), four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes(sm), five pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes(st), while triploid chromosome consisted of one pair of metacentric chromosome, seven pairs of submetacen.tric chromosomes, one pair of subtelocentric chromosome and telocentric chromosome(t), respectively. In mixoploid chromosome, constitution of the chromosomes of diploid or triploid cell was consistent with that of diploid or triploid. Chromosomes of gonadal tissues from pancreatic fluke, Eurytrema pancreaticum consisted of 13 pairs of homologs(2n=26, n=13). The mitotic and meiotic divisions were observed frequently. In the mitotic metaphase, Karyotype consisted of five pairs of metacentric chromosomes, four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, three pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes and one pair of telocentric chromosome. Chromosomes of gonadal tissues from stomach fluke, Calicvphoron calicophorum consisted of 9 pairs of homologs(2n=18, n=9). The meiotic divisions was frequently observed, but mitotic divisions was rare. In the mitotic metaphase, Karyotype consisted of two pairs of metacentric chromosomes, three pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and four pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. Karyotype of Calicophoron calicophorum differed from that of Japanese C calicophorum which was similar to that of Paramphistomum cervi of Korean cattle. Though that of Calicophoron calicophorum of Korean cattle was similar to that of Paramphistomum explanatum of Korean cattle, that have been recognized to be a different species of fluke.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

Many encysted metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum(Rudolphi, 1814) were found in the flesh near the skin of goldfish(Carassius auratus) sultured at a fish farm in Chonbuk Province, Korea, in the summer of 1995. The mortality reached about 7% from July 10 to August 20. Encysted and excysted metacercariae were$700\sim877{\times}700\sim775{\mu}m$ and $2.4\sim5.5{\times}0.7\sim1.37{\mu}m$ in size, respectively. The parasites looked yellowish due to the yellow particulate matter in the intestine. Of 276 fish examined, 234(84.8%) were infected with a mean intensity of 216.6(range 1~1.214) parasites. Fish of 2.0~2.5 cm in body length were most frequently(94.3%) infected but those of 3.1~3.5 cm were the least infected(75.27%). The isthmus was most heavily infected. There was no difference in prevalence between two forms of goldfish, Gyariko an Ryugum. The sites of infection were swollen and recognized as yellow spots of 0.4~0.8 mm in diameter. Fish infected with more than 200 metacercariae became moribund with listless swimming and finally died.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2020

Human infection with Echinostoma aegyptica Khalil and Abaza, 1924 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is extremely rare. In this study, we confirmed E. aegyptica infection in 5 riparian residents living along the Mekong River in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. The patients revealed eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes, echinostomes, and other parasites in fecal examinations using the Kato-Katz technique. Following treatment with praziquantel 30-40 mg/kg and pyrantel pamoate 10-15 mg/kg in a single dose and purging with magnesium salts, adult specimens of various helminth species were collected. Among the trematodes, echinostome flukes of 4.5-7.6 mm in length (n = 134; av. 22.3 specimens per case) were of taxonomic interest and subjected in this study. The flukes were morphologically characterized by having total 43-45 collar spines arranged in 2 alternating rows (corner spines usually 5 on each side) and compatible with previous descriptions of E. aegyptica. The patients were mixed-infected with other helminths, so specific clinical manifestations due to this echinostome fluke were difficult to determine. The present paper describes for the first time human E. aegyptica infections in Lao PDR. This is the second report of human infection (2nd-6th cases) with E. aegyptica in the world following the first one from China.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2018

The family Thapariellidae has been reported in only 3 countries since 1990. The objective of this study was to identify Thapariella anastomusa metacercariae in snails in Thailand based on morphological traits using a light (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A total of 94 Filopaludina snails were collected and identified as 50 F. martensi martensi and 44 F. doliaris. Metacercariae of T. anastomusa were recovered from the snails by the crushing method. The overall prevalence was 22.3% (21/94), and the mean intensity was 17.0 per snail. The prevalence in F. martensi martensi was 24.0% (12/50) and F. doliaris 20.5% (9/44) with the mean intensity of 18.8 and 14.8 per snail, respectively. SEM revealed traits such as a concave ventral body and well-developed oral and ventral suckers. This study represents the first report of T. anastomusa in South East Asia. While LM and SEM observations provide novel insights into T. anastomusa metacercarial morphology and life history, the trematode's life cycle remains unclear. To date, there has been no report of T. anastomusa causing infections in humans. However, the snails F. martensi martensi and F. doliaris carrying the infective stages of T. anastomosa are frequently consumed by Thai people. This consumption, particularly uncooked snails, may present a risk of Thapariella infections in humans.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 1988

A human case of Echinostoma cinetorchii infection was found in Seoul Paik Hospital on August, 1987. Large trematode eggs, $98.9{\times}62.7{\mu\textrm{m}}$ in average size, were detected in stool examination. The eggs had a small.sired operculum and abopercular wrinkling. After treatment with praziquantel (single dose of 16.2mg/kg) and purgation with magnesium citrate, an adult fluke was collected. It was 8.0 mm long, equipped with 37 collar spines around head crown, and had only one testis just behind the Mehlis' gland. It was identified as E. cinetorchis Ando et Ozaki, 1923. The patient is an 18-year old man residing in Seoul, and was hospitalized due to nephritis. He had eaten raw meat juice of fresh water fishes such as top minnows (Orygias Satipes) and loaches, or tadpoles, which are considered possible source of this fluke infection. This is the 4th human case of E, cineterchis infection in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.43 no.3 s.135
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the infection status with helminth in a group of feral cats in Korea. More than 29 helminth species including adults or eggs were detected in visceral and fecal samples of the examined cats. Among these were a host of nematodes, including toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. and the larva of Anisakis simplex; trematodes, including Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Metagonimus spp., Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summa, Heterophyopsis continua, Stictodora fuscata, Stictodora lari, Acanthotrema felis, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Centrocestus armatus, Procerovum varium, Cryptocotyle sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma hortense, Echinochasmus japonicus, Stephanoprora sp., Plagiorchis muris, Neodiplostomum sp. and diplostomulum. We also detected a variety of cestodes, including Spirometra erinacei, Taenia taeniaeformis and unidentified species of tapeworm. We also found examples of the acanthocephalan, Bolbosoma sp. In our assessment of the stools, we detected at least 12 species of helminth eggs. These findings confirmed that feral cats in Korea are infected with a variety of helminth parasite species. Furthermore, among the helminths detected, E. pancreaticum, S. fuscata, S. lari, A. felis, S. falcatus, C. armatus, P. varium, Cryptocotyle sp., E. revolutum, E. japonicus, Stephanoprora sp., P. muris, Neodiplostomum sp. and Bolbosoma sp. represent helminth fauna which have not been reported previously in feral cats in the Republic of Korea.