• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.420-427
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze growth characteristics and adaptability of poplar clones under the treatment of liquid pig manure. The average of survival rate was 33% better at control than the treatment under age of 5 years. But, tree height and DBH growth were higher at the treatment than control. Populus euramericana 'Eco28' showed the highest survival rate (97.9%) under the treatment. P. euramericana 'Eco28' and P. deltoides hybrid 'Dorskamp' could be selected as superior clones for height and DBH growth under the liquid pig manure treatment. The above-ground biomass production was also investigated when the poplar clones were 5 years old. The aboveground biomass under the liquid pig manure treatment was, on average. 52.6 ton/ha, which was 80% higher than control (29.1 ton/ha). P. euramericana 'Eco28' (73.6 ton/ha) and P. deltoides hybrid 'Dorskamp' (71.1 ton/ha) showed superior biomass production than other clones at the treatment of liquid pig manure. Based on survival, growth and demage traits, the adaptability of poplar clones to liquid pig manure treatment was estimated. P. deltoides hybrid 'Dorskamp' and P. euramericana 'Eco28' showed better adaptability to the treatment. P. nigra ${\times}$ P. maximowiczii '62-10' and P. koreana ${\times}$ P. nigra var. italic 'Suwon' were identified as poor adaptability clones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.929-933
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• 2010

According to the IPCC guideline (2006), uncertainty assessment is very important in terms of the greenhouse gas inventory. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate the basic wood density (BWD) and its uncertainty for Pinus densiflora in Korea. In this study, Pinus densiflora forests were divided into two ecotypes which were Gangwon and Jungbu regions. A total of 33 representative sampling plots was selected to collect sample trees after considering the tree ages and DBH distributions. The BWD showed statistically no difference between age classes based on IPCC's classification. While, it showed statistically difference(pvalue=0.0017) between eco-types. The BWD and uncertainty was 0.396(g/$cm^3$) and 12.9(%) for Pinus densiflora in Gangwon, while it was 0.470(g/$cm^3$) and 3.8(%) for Pinus densiflora in Jungbu. The values of the BWD uncertainty for Pinus densiflora were more precised than the values given by the IPCC guideline.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

Thirty-seven species of insect pests were surveyed on different area blueberry farms in Jeonbuk province during 2013~2014. Six principal insect pests were found, including Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson, Aphis gossypii Glover, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Ricania sp., Hyphantria cunea Drury, and Latoia consocia Walker. A. gossypii infestation was severe at Iksan and Jinan in middle May. S. dorsalis infestation was severe at all surveyed area in early June, which is the flowering season, and the degree of damage caused was higher in young plants. Ricania sp. was abundant in Jinan and Sunchang, and then appeared to spread across all areas in Jeonbuk. H. cunea had a tendency to concentrate in Iksan during June. Five species of Limacodidae was found, including L. consocia, which was dominant in all areas surveyed, with densities higher then those of the others four species. The degree of damage due to D. oxycoccana was higher in the plain areas (Iksan) than in the middle-mountain areas (Jinan, Sunchang). The rate of damage was 60~78% higher in young plant stages (i.e., those under 3 years of tree age) than in those over 5 years old (30~50%). Moreover, the rate of damage observed in greenhouses was 50~80% higher than that observed in the field (30~40%).

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1998

Backgroud and Objectives: Major salivary gland tumor is a rare disease with a largely unknown origin. And also corresponding to the diversity of histopathologic characteristics is an equally wide distribution of clinical behavior that makes treatment decisions difficult. The aim of this study is to analysis the clinical experience of our major salivary gland tumor and to suggest a guidline of management. Materials and Methods : We studied clinical manifestations and treatment results of 104 patients who were diagnosed as major salivary gland tumors. Tumor site, patient age and sex of the patients were analysed. Histopathologic diagnosis, treatment modality, lymph nodes metastasis, recurrence rate and 5-year survival rate were studied on malignant tumors. Results: 1) 48 patients were male and 56 patients were female. 2) Benign tumors were 79 cases. They consisted of 57 cases(72%) of parotid tumor, 22 cases(27%) of submandibular tumor. And pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor. 3) Malignant tumors were 25 cases and were consisted of 19 cases(76%) of parotid tumor, 4 cases(l6%) of submandibular tumor and 2 cases(8%) of sublingual gland tumor with high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma as the most common cause. 4) In the malignant tumors, the number of stage I, II tumors was 14 and that of stage III, IV tumors was 11. Neck node metastasis was noted in 8 cases. 5) 8 cases of malignant tumor were died and all of them had high-grade malignancy. And they were dead before 17 months from the time of diagnosis. 6) Mean survival duration in the malignant salivary gland tumor was 56 months. 7) High-grade malignancy had a 5-year survival rate of 57.9%. A 5-year survival rate of TI, T2 patients was 92.9% and that of T3, T4 patients was 36.4%. That of patients who had neck node metastasis was 37.5% and that of those who had tree neck was 82.4%. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the survival rate is dependent on the tumor size, lymph node matastasis and histologic grade. And also the early diagnosis and radical surgery result in the increased survival rate and are effective for prevention of the tumor recurrance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the channel changes according to the temporal and spatial distribution of the deposition area by the vegetation invasion in Kyesung-river. The deposition area mainly occurred by landslide and debris flow from the headwater channel. And also the movement of subsequent downstream depends upon the site of deposits by a varity erosional processes. As the age of deposition area is older, it had a tendency to stable by plant invasion relatively. The vegetations grown in deposition area were very effective to estimate a historical deformation process of river-bed occurred by landslide. The vegetations around deposition area consisted of the same as tree species grown in forest area of circumference like Pinus densiflora, Styrax japonica, Quercus acutissima and Salix gracilistyla. If the torrential stream is flooding, the deposition area of 1 to 5 years can be change to the channel easily. Deposition area of 11 to 23 years had a high river-bed because it passed long time since deposited, and amount of sedimention is much more in wide than in narrow channel. It is consider that the change of channel had many influenced by the span of survial time, scale and movement frequency of deposition area after the vegetation invasion.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

The pattern of gap regeneration and vegetational changes were carried out in gaps with different ages and in an intact forest in a Quercus mongolica (mongolian oak) stand located at Munsubong of Mt. Worak. In the early stage of gap formation, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Tripterygium regelii, Quercus mongolica, and Stephanadra incisa were dominants in shrub layers. The numbers of shrubs with smaller diameters at ground surface were abundant in the early stage of gap formation. On the other hand, as gap age increased, the number of individuals of Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla forming tall tree layer decreased. However the diameter at ground surface of Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. There were few young Quercus mongolica, but those over 130 years old appeared in mature Quercus mongolica stands. The last regeneration episode ended about 130 years ago and the new one started 40 years ago in this study site. Considering the presence of Quercus mongolica below 40 years old in gap and the absence of Quercus mongolica from 40 to 130 years old in closed stand, it is concluded that Quercus mongilica forest is maintained by discontinued regeneration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.269-276
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• 2005

This research was carried out in order to make clear population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia forest surveyed from October 1998 to October 2004 which was located in Janggok-Ri Gunwi-Gun, Kyungpook province. B. berchemiaefolia community was classified into 3 groups such as Picrasma quassioides group, Carex ciliata-marginata group and Typical group using ZM methods. In case of floristic composition structure according to crown stories, B. berchemiaefolia occupied 42.82%, 34.43%, and 5.28%, in tree layer, subtree layer and shrub layer, respectively. Importance value of Quercus variabilis, Platycarya strobilacea and Quercus serrate species was generally high. Species diversity of Picrasma quassioides group indicated 1.6669 which was highest value among the 3 vegetation groups. Population of B. berchemiaefolia showed overall the structure of reverse J type in DBH class showing the peak between 6 cm and 10 cm and reached 14 meters in height class, and the age structure of the population ranged from 11 years to 60 years showing regular distribution type. Stump sprout or/and epicormic branch made numerous stems around original stump of previous generation which was considered to be cut and disappeared by residents. Seedlings or/and saplings of B. berchemiaefolia were intensively occurred in the opened areas of forest road. Those things could be certainly considered to establish management plan of B. berchemiaefolia forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 1988

This study was carried out to estimate the stand form factor that is necessary to estimate stand volume by STRAND method among plotless sampling methods. The data measured for this study were based on the 380 sample plots from Larix leptolepis and 358 sample plots from Pinus koraiensis which were distributed in the region of Kyeongi, Kangweon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Chun-buk and Kyeongbuk. 1. Stand form factor was highly correlated with in the following order, stand form height, stand average height, average diameter, stand age, distance of stem, and basal area height. 2. The best fitted equation of stand form factor of above two tree species were presented in table 3. 3. Stand form factor tables using estimated equations on the table 3 were prepared and presented in table 4, 5(Larix leptolepis), 6, 7(Pinus karaiensis). 4. The relatioinships between estimated value and actual value were Y=bx, where b approached nearly 1.0, and there were not any significant differences between them. 5. The percentages of estimated error on stand form factor table were ranged from 2.39% to 4.15% in Larix leptolepis and from 1.73% to 2.50% in Pinus koraiensis. Therefore, the stand form factor could be exactly estimated by use of these tables.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.391-398
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• 1997

Present study describes a method on the application of efficient tissue culture systems for the micro-propagation of juvenile and mature sawtooth oak(Quercus acutissima). Nodal segments with axillary buds were used as initial explant sources. WPM(Woody Plant Medium) was the best in growth and proliferation of shoot among the media tested. Although the single effect of zeatin revealed on two dorminant shoot elongation with normal growth until the elevation of levels up to 3.0mg/l, BAP($N^6$-benzyl amino purine) usually showed better response than zeatin on shoot multiplication and/or elongation. In addition, the incorporation of BAP and zeatin onto the culture media represents more effectiveness in shoot proliferation and its growth. Optimum concentrations of BAP and zeatin were 0.5 and 0.05~1.0mg/l, respectively. Ninety percent of the proliferated shoots was rooted on half-strength GD (Gresshoff and Doy, 1972) medium containing 0.5mg/l IBA(indole butyric acid) in 4 weeks after culture. More than 70% of the rooted plantlets survived after 5 months of transplanting into artificial soil mix containing equal amount of peatmoss and perlite. Among 27 plus tree clones which were grafted twice onto the juvenile rootstocks, only 4 clones revealed the possibility for shoot multiplication through tissue culture system. The capacity for the micropropagation using mature explant sources was highly depended on clonal differences compared with those of octet age. More than 90% of rooting ratio was obtained from the best responding clone. Among the 7 rooting media tested, GD medium was the best far rooting. The most effective rooting was obtained on half-strength GD medium containing 0.2 to 2.0mg/l IBA. More than 60% of rooted plantlets survived after 5 months of transplanting into the artificial soil mix.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.221-228
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• 1994

Respitation and growth rates of leaves, branches, stems and roots of 2 to 11-yr-old red pine trees(Pinus densiflora) were examined and applied to Thornley's growth equation, $$R=(\frac{1-Yg}{Yg})\frac{dW}{dt}+mW$$. The conversion efficiency of substrates(Yg), maintenance respiration coefficients(m), relative growth rates(${\mu}$) were estimated. The efficiency of conversion of substrates (Yg) was 0.3637g/g dw/yr and the maintenance respiration coefficient(m0 was 0.094g/g dw/yr. The relative growth rate(${\mu}$) was remarkably reduced with age from 0.90(2-year-old) to 0.33:11 year-old). The Ratio of gross respiration(R) per gross photosynthesis(Pg), R/Pg showed the range of 0.6~0.7 and annually 64% of Pg was spent for constructive respiration. The 3.4% of dry weight of whole tree was spent for maintenance respiration.