• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.360-365
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• 2017

In this study, a heat treatment process was applied to ZnS nano-powder to improve the optical properties of ZnS ceramic, and the characteristics of heat treatment time were studied. The ZnS nano-powders were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis. The heat treatment was carried out at $550^{\circ}C$ for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours in a vacuum atmosphere ($10^{-2}torr$). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyzes confirmed the change of crystal phase and grain size to confirm the structural change with heat treatment time. The heat treated ZnS nano-powder was sintered by hot pressing, and the change of optical properties of the ZnS ceramic was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.103-108
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• 2013

This study was investigated the effect of austenitizing treatment the microstructure and mechanical properties in modified 440A steel, and the results were as follows. The amount of remaining carbide decreases with increasing the austenitizing treatment temperature, and all carbide is completely dissolved at $1250^{\circ}C$. The amount of remaining carbide decreases with increasing the austenitizing treatment time, but the carbide remains insoluble up to 120 minutes at $1050^{\circ}C$. The strength and hardness gradually decrease with increasing the austenitizing treatment temperature and is significantly lower at $1250^{\circ}C$, while the elongation and the impact value rapidly increase. The strength and hardness rapidly decrease, the elongation and impact value rapidly insrease with increasing the austenitizing treatment time and exhibit no change at above 120 minutes. The austenitizing treatment modified 440A steel is required for temperature of above $1050^{\circ}C$ and time of above 60 minutes.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.293-308
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• 2015

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) was produced in huge amounts in Malaysia, and if it discharged into the environment, it causes a serious problem regarding its high content of nutrients and high levels of COD and BOD concentrations. This study was devoted on POME treatment and purification using an integrated process consisting of microalgae treatment followed by membrane filtration. The main objective was to find the optimum conditions as retention time and pH in the biological treatment of POME. Since after the optimum conditions there is a diverse effect of time and the process become costly. According to our knowledge, there is no existing study optimized the retention time and percentage removal of nutrients for microalgae treatment of POME wastewater. In order to achieve with optimization, a second order polynomial model regression coefficients and goodness of fit results in removal percentages of ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$), orthophosphorous ($PO_4{^{-3}}$), COD, TSS, and turbidity were estimated. WinQSB technique was used to optimize the objective function of the developed model, and the optimum conditions were found. Also, ultrafiltration membrane is useful for purification of POME samples as verified by experiments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2001

Eight $12.4{\pm}0.6kg$ initial body weight crossbred barrows were used to determine the effect of soybean galactooligosaccharides on nutrient and energy digestibility, and digesta transit time. Four dietary treatments were utilized in this trial. Treatment one was a corn-soybean meal based diet (SBM) containing raffinose and stachyose at the levels of 0.16% and 0.75%, respectively. Treatment two (control) was a corn-HP300 (soybean concentrate protein) diet. In treatments three and four, 1.1% and 2.2% commercial stachyose was added to the control diet to provide total dietary stachyose at the levels of 1% and 2%, respectively. The soybean galactooligosaccharides (raffinose + stachyose) level in treatment one was slightly lower compared to that in treatment three. Three collection periods were run with two pigs for each treatment/period. There was a 4 d adjustment period followed by a 3 d collection period. The results showed that the nitrogen retention (86.79%) of pigs fed treatment two diet was higher than that of pigs fed treatment one by 5.2% (p<0.05). The nitrogen retention of treatment three was intermediate 83.09%. The apparent fecal digestibility of all amino acids in treatment two was numerically highest, followed by treatments three and four. However, there were no significant difference among groups (p>0.05). The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and crude fiber (CF) digestibility numerically decreased as the soybean galactooligosaccharides level increased, but were not significantly different (p>0.05). Chromium content in feces (from the inclusion of 0.3% chromic oxide in the diets) differed among treatments (p<0.05) at 15 h, 18 h, and 21 h after eating. This showed that the digesta transit time was differed significantly among treatments. Treatment four was the shortest, followed by treatment three, SBM and control. The results demonstrated that in the absence of antinutritional factors and soybean antigen protein, inclusion of 1% and 2% stachyose in corn-HP300 diet has no significant effect on the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF and amino acids. When the soybean galactooligosaccharide level in diet one and diet three were adjusted to be almost the same, antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor and soybean antigen protein could decrease the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention rate of diet. High levels of soybean galactooligosaccharides shortened the digesta transit time in the intestinal tract. This trial suggested that the total level of soybean galactooligosaccharides (stachyose+raffinose) in the weanling piglet diet is better not to exceed 1% when common soybean meal is used as main protein source.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.101-107
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• 2017

Objectives : We report a case of Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) and propose the possibility of integrative Korean and Western medicine in PLP treatment. Methods : For 42 days, a patient who complained of pain and insomnia with PLP (December 20, 2016 to January 20, 2017) received Korean and Western medical treatment. The patient was treated with analgesic injection, a neuropathic pain inhibitor, the combined herbal formula powders Bojungikgitang, and acupuncture. Symptom improvement was assessed using the numerical rating scale (NRS) and continuous sleep time. Results : The patient's NRS scores decreased, and continuous sleep time increased after treatment. The NRS scores decreased from 10 to 0, and the continuous sleep time increased from 2 hours to 7 to 8 hours. Conclusion : According to the results, this report suggests that integrative Korean and Western medicine could be effective in the treatment of PLP patients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.230-234
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• 2009

Hydrogen and Oxygen plasma treatments have been done on sonochemical grow ZnO nanorods by varying treatment temperature and time, The changes(position and intensity) in ultraviolet(UV) peaks and green peaks of photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy have been measured, Experimental results showed; i) in the case of hydrogen plasma treatment, the blue shift of UV peak and the increase of PL intensity of the UV peak were observed as the increase of the process time and temperature, ii) in the case of oxygen plasma treatment, the red shift of green peak was observed and the ratio of $I_{Green}/I_{UV}$ was also increased, as the increase of the process time and the temperature.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

One of the important advantage of adhesive bonded joint can combine the different materials. The joint that bonded by structural adhesive bond must keep a large force and its strength is affected by some environmental factors such as temperature and submergence time in water. In order to advance the fatigue strength of adhesive bonded joint, mostly put a surface treatment on the surface. This study was researched the effect of air temperature, submergence time, submergence temperature and surface treatment on the fatigue strength. We found that submergence temperature has the most effect and low plasma treatment specimens have the most fatigue strength.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1994

Mimosa and Quebracho are, in general, tanned with leather skin, finished silk fabrics according to temperature, treatment time, tannin concetration, pH, and studies that relation between tannin weighting and various factors. This makes fundamental study on characteristic of tannin treated fabrics. and the results are as fallows : 1. λ$_{max}$ was found at 278.5nm for Mimosa. 279.5nm for Quebracho. Also a stability was good in standing time and heating. 2. The higher tannin treatment temprature was, the better tannin weighting effect was. But they were slightly decreased at over 8$0^{\circ}C$, and K/S was slowly increased. 3. As tannin treatment time increased, tannin weighting effect increased but they were decreased at over 8$0^{\circ}C$, 90min. 4. As tannin concentration increased, tannin weighting was increased. 5. In tannin weighting effect according to various pH conditions, the it's best range of pH were 3.5~5.5 of Mimosa, 2.5~3.5 of Quebracho.o.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2004

Conventional spheroidization process of cold heading quality steels requires long heat treatment time, and reduction of the heat treatment time is important for improving productivity in the industry. Recently, hot deformation method has been proposed as a means of increasing spherodization kinetics. In this study, the influences of hot deformation on the spherodization behavior of cold heading quality steels were investigated. Hot deformation at the temperature range of $700^{\circ}C$ significantly enhances the spheroidization kinetics. Hot deformation can lead to a substantial reduction of spherodization process time as low as 1~5 hrs.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 2015

Control of potable water treatment plant (PWTP) is nowadays based on experience. The aim of this article is to show that model based control of treatment process is more efficient than process operation based on experience. Stimela environment is used for modeling of processes of potable water treatment. Application of the model was conducted on PWTP "Crkvice" in Zenica (BiH). This plant has used conventional rapid sand filters. By effective application of the model it is determined the optimal filter run time for different input turbidity of raw water. This results in the possibility of reducing the consumption of backwashing water, lower costs for its pumping and reducing the amount of coagulants. In the existing practice, based on experience, these benefits are not used.