• Title/Summary/Keyword: treatment patterns

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Highly Tunable Block Copolymer Self-assembly for Nanopatterning

  • Jeong, Yeon-Sik;Jeong, Jae-Won
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.6.1-6.1
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    • 2011
  • Nanoscale block copolymer (BCP) patterns have been pursued for applications in sub-30 nm nanolithography. BCP self-assembly processing is scalable and low cost, and is well-suited for integration with existing semiconductor fabrication techniques. However, one of the major technical challenges for BCP self-assembly is limited tunability in pattern geometry, dimension, and functionality. We suggest methods for extending the degree of tunability by choosing highly incompatible polymer blocks and utilizing solvent vapor treatment techniques. Siloxane BCPs have been developed as self-assembling resists due to many advantages such as high etch-selectivity, good etch-resistance, long-range ordering, and reduced line-edge roughness. The large incompatibility leads to extensive degree of pattern tunability since the effective volume fraction can be easily manipulated by solvent-based treatment techniques. Thus, control of the microdomain size, periodicity, and morphology is possible by changing the vapor pressure and the mixing ratio of selective solvents. This allows a range of different pattern geometry such as dots, lines and holes and critical dimension simply by changing the processing conditions of a given block copolymer without changing a polymer chain length. We demonstrate highly extensive tunability (critical dimension ~6~30 nm) of self-assembled patterns prepared by a siloxane BCP with extreme incompatibility.

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Prescription Patterns of Benzodiazepine for Outpatients in a Psychiatric Department in Korea (일 종합병원 정신건강의학과 외래환자에서 벤조디아제핀 사용)

  • Lee, Jai Young;Kang, Won Sub;Kim, Jong Woo;Kim, Young Jong
    • Anxiety and mood
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.143-148
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    • 2015
  • Objective : This study examined benzodiazepine prescription patterns of outpatients visiting the psychiatry department in a single general hospital in Korea. Methods : A retrospective descriptive analysis of benzodiazepine prescriptions was performed on a database from 2014 in a general hospital in Korea. We analyzed the following factors of adult outpatients: demographic factors such as sex and age, amount of benzodiazepine prescribed, treatment duration, and diagnosis based on the ICD-10. Results : In 2014, benzodiazepines were prescribed to 46.4% of the outpatients. Percentage of benzodiazepine prescription increased with age and was highest in the age group 40-59 years. Prescription was more prevalent in women and the prescription percentage increased by treatment duration. Patients with the F4 diagnosis (neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders) were the most highly prescribed group. For all diagnosis groups, prescription was more prevalent in females or similar for both sexes except for patients with F5 diagnosis (behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors), with males being more predominant. Conclusion : Despite the concern regarding the rate of benzodiazepine prescription and administration to geriatric patients, long-term prescription and usage among older patients is still prevalent.

Review of Economic Evaluation Studies for Drug Reimbursement Decision (의약품 보험급여 결정을 위한 경제성평가 연구의 평가)

  • Choi Sang-Eun;Sullivan Sean D.
    • Health Policy and Management
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 2005
  • Legislation on pharmaceutical reimbursement decision using economic evaluation results was made in Korea in fm, but has yet to be fully implemented. We evaluated the quality of Korean economic evaluation studies of pharmaceuticals to understand gaps between legislation and implementation. From this evaluation, we propose policy options that might strengthen the research Infrastructure In order to support such studies. We reviewed 23 published studies for drugs conducted between 1996 and 2004. Evaluation criteria included methodological characteristics, healthcare system characteristics, population characteristics, and applicability of results. Large variation in study quality was observed, particularly with study design, outcome data, treatment patterns and interpretation. Korean clinical data used was mostly from observational studies of 1-2 hospitals. Foreign data was extracted from clinical trials that did not Include Asian population and their selection criterion was not clarified. With respect to treatment patterns, medical records and hospital bills were used without adjustment regarding area, hospital type, and others. And next frequent situation relied on expert opinion from academic physicians in specialty practice. preference measures, when used, were not elicited from the Korean population. $78.3\%$ of studies did not clarify the funding source. If the Korean economic evaluation policy is to provide meaningful data for decision makers, the quality of cost-effectiveness studies will need to improve dramatically. This may involve access to or creation of better data, more diverse funding, unproved training of researchers and evaluators, and partnerships with technology manufacturers.

Applicability of bilateral transfer paradigm to the rehabilitation programs for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (편마비 아동의 재활프로그램에 대한 양측성 전이 패러다임의 적용가능성)

  • Kim Mi-Hyun;Park Sang-Bum
    • The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.163-172
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    • 2000
  • The purpose of this study was to provide experimental evidence and theoretical background for the applicability of bilateral transfer paradigm to the rehabilitation programs for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Children with hemiplegia, which means unilateral motor disabilities, display abnormal motor and postural patterns of the affected side due to hemiparesis, spasticity, and sensory disorders, resulting in a decreased motor abilities of the affected side compared to unaffected side. Accordingly, they tend to rely on the unaffected limb for everyday activities, which further deteriorates the functions of the affected side by causing associated reaction, abnormal postural patterns, and hypertonus. Rehabilitation programs developed for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy include neurodevelopmental treatment, application of cast or splint to unaffected limb, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and task oriented model. These programs, however, have several drawbacks, such as discontinuity in treatment effect and psychological hatred to the force use of the affected side. In order to solve these problems and enhance the efficiency of the rehabilitation programs, it is required to maximize the use of the affected side without hatred. Characteristics of the control system, such as temporal coupling and spatial assimilation between limbs and neural crosstalk at different levels of central motor pathway, suggest that the bilateral transfer paradigm may enhance the efficiency of the rehabilitation programs for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

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A Study on the Fracture Toughness of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloy (주조용(鑄造用) Al-Si-Cu-Mg계(系) 합금(合金)의 파괴인성(破壞靭性)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Ma, Dong-Jun;Kang, In-Chan
    • Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.114-121
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    • 1987
  • In order to determine the plane strain fracture toughness of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy castings, solution heat treatments have been conducted at $530^{\circ}C$ for 8hr and aged for 10hr at $145^{\circ}C$, $160^{\circ}C$ and $175^{\circ}C$. Effects of aging treatment and of Si contents on the fracture toughness have been investigated by a three point loaded bend test, using the artificial notch. The results obtained are as follows; 1) The fracture toughness is appreciably affected by the aging treatment temperature and Si contents. The specimen aged for 10hr at $145^{\circ}C$ has the highest fracture toughness. 2) Increasing Si contents from 5% to 9% results in decrease of fracture toughness. 3) Increasing the aging temperature and Si contents, C.O.D. value was decreased. The specimen aged for 10hr at $145^{\circ}C$ has the highest C.O.D. value. 4) Dimple patterns were observed in the specimens of containing under 7% Si, while mixed cleavage-dimple patterns in those of over 8% Si.

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A Study on the Medicinal Application in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi - Based on the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng of Zhang Shanlei - (『장부허실표본용약식(臟腑虛實標本用藥式)』에 나타난 약물(藥物) 운용(運用)에 관한 고찰(考察) - 장산뢰(張山雷)의 『장부약식보정(臟腑藥式補正)』을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Sang-Hyup
    • Journal of Korean Medical classics
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.45-78
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    • 2023
  • Objectives : Based on the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng of Zhang Shanlei, this paper examines the tip/root division of the Zangfu, features of medicinal application according to deficiency/excess or cold/heat, and erroneous cases in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi of Zhang Jiegu. Methods : Categorization according to tip/root, cold/heat, deficiency/excess and respective medicinal applications in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi were organized, followed by thorough analysis based on the annotations in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng. Results : First, in the treatment principle of the Zangfu diseases, each of their physiological function and pathological mechanism were analyzed so that the disease patterns are understood accurately and treated accordingly. Second, in categorizing treatment methods, terminology application was modified in overlapping or ambiguous cases so that they could be better distinguished. Third, medicinal categories that were designated to treat each Zangfu disease were explained well based on unique features. In cases where medicinals were falsely included, they were identified and corrected based on sound reasoning. Conclusions : The pattern diagnosis in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng is clear, and medicinal application analysis is intelligible. As it thoroughly corrects and revises errors in Zhang Jiegu's theories, it could provide valuable assistance in selecting each medicinals when treating disease patterns of the Five Zang.

A Case Study of Soyang Patient with Post COVID-19 Syndrome Treated with Hyeongbangjihwang-tanggamibang (형방지황탕가미방으로 호전된 코로나-19 후유증 소양인 환자 치험 1례)

  • Won Kyoung, Moon;Mi Hye, Kwon;Halim, Jang;Eui Ju, Lee
    • Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2022
  • Objectives This study was aimed to report a significant improvement of patient with post COVID-19 syndrome, diagnosed as 'Soyang type lesser yang wind damage patterns' based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Methods The patient was diagnosed as Soyang type and had treatment with Sasang Constitutional Medicine three times everyday from June 13th to July 16th. Clinical improvement was evaluated with the degree of dizziness, migraine, palpitation and nausea caused by COVID-19. Results The symptoms of dizziness, migraine, palpitation, nausea caused by COVID-19 were improved after treated with Hyeongbangjihwang-tanggamibang. Conclusions After the treatment with Hyeongbangjihwang-tanggamibang, the symptoms of dizziness, migraine, palpitation, nausea caused by COVID-19 were disappeared. This suggests that Hyeongbangjihwang-tanggamibang is effective in recovering post COVID-19 syndrome for patient who diagnosed as 'Soyang type lesser yang wind damage patterns' based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine.

Effect of Feeding a By-product Feeds-based Silage (Biosilage®) on Behavior Pattern of Growing Hanwoo Steers (부산물사료 주원료 사일리지(Biosilage®) 급여가 거세 육성 한우의 행동양식에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Young Il;Lee, Sang Moo;Park, Keun Kyu;Kwak, Wan Sup
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.290-297
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    • 2013
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a by-product feed-based silage (BF silage) feeding on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 10 Hanwoo steers (11 months old, 302kg of body weight) were assigned to 2 dietary treatments: the control (concentrate mix + free access to rice straw), and the treatment (concentrate mix + free access to BF silage). The behavior patterns were observed for 48 hours. The intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group. Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were not different between the control and treatment. But, the intake time per kg DM was higher for the control than treatment. The number of bolus, total chewing frequency, number of ruminating per bolus and number of bolus per minute were not different between the control and treatment. But the chewing frequency per bolus was higher in the treatment than control (p<0.05), and feed value index was lower in treatment than control (p<0.05). Frequencies of drinking and defecating were not different between the two groups, but the frequency of urinating was higher for the treatment (p<0.05) than control. Eating rate, ruminating efficiency and chewing efficiency were much higher in the treatment group than control (p<0.05). These results indicate that the replacement of conventional rice straws with the BF silage (physically effective NDF, about 25%) did not affect the ruminating behaviors of Hanwoo steers significantly.

A SURVEY OF REPEATED DENTAL TREATMENT UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA FOR DISABILITIES (장애인 환자의 전신마취 하 반복된 치과치료에 대한 조사)

  • Choi, Hyojung;Nam, Soonhyeun;Kim, Hyunjung
    • The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the dental treatment of patients with disabilities, especially according to the frequency of general anesthesia, and to propose the improvements in oral care. The subjects of the present study were 85 patients including age, sex, medical condition, dental treatment and the number of general anesthesia. The patients were divided into regular and irregular check groups according to their follow-up patterns. These two groups were compared for the frequency of general anesthesia and the type of repeated treatment. The results showed that restorative treatment was superior in numbers under first visit of general anesthesia. And more general anesthesia was performed in the irregular recall check group compared with the regular recall check group. This survey suggest that easy access to a dental clinic and the convenience of treatment is needed. On the other hand, there is a time limit on the dental care for disabilities by the dentist. Therefore oral care training program should be simultaneously provided for parents to improve the efficiency of dental care at home. In conclusion, efforts should be made for more comprehensive and effective dental care including regular recall check and preventive home care for disabilities.

An Empirical Study on the Bursting Properties According to Heat Treatment Condition of the CNG Pressure Vessel (CNG압력용기의 열처리 조건별 파열 특성에 관한 실증적 연구)

  • Kim, Eui Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2017
  • Forensic Engineering is the art and science of professionals qualified to serve as engineering experts in courts of law or in arbitration proceedings. Buses using compressed natural gas (CNG) trend to be extended in use internationally as optimal counterplan for reducing discharge gas of light oil due to high concern about environment. However, CNG buses is equipped with composite pressure vessels (CPVs); since the CPVs contain compressed natural gas, the risks in the case of accident is very high. In this study, the bursting test for the pressure vessel depending on the heat treatment conditions of the vessel in which the actual ruptured accident occurred, after the bursting test, the fracture pattern analysis had performed. The mechanical materials properties test using Instrumented Indentation Test had performed to confirm the mechanical properties for each heat treatment cases. Also, the fractography analysis and metallographic analysis had performed to find out the difference of each heat treatment case. By comparing normal vessel with abnormal vessel which have defect of heat treatment conditions in term of the bursting patterns and characteristics of containers using various forensic engineering methods, especially, it is possible to understand how important the heat treatment process is in the high pressure vessel unlike any product.