• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.24
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• 2023

Intestinal microorganisms interact with various immune cells and are involved in gut homeostasis and immune regulation. Although many studies have discussed the roles of the microorganisms themselves, interest in the effector function of their metabolites is increasing. The metabolic processes of these molecules provide important clues to the existence and function of gut microbes. The interrelationship between metabolites and T lymphocytes in particular plays a significant role in adaptive immune functions. Our current review focuses on 3 groups of metabolites: short-chain fatty acids, bile acids metabolites, and polyamines. We collated the findings of several studies on the transformation and production of these metabolites by gut microbes and explained their immunological roles. Specifically, we summarized the reports on changes in mucosal immune homeostasis represented by the Tregs and Th17 cells balance. The relationship between specific metabolites and diseases was also analyzed through latest studies. Thus, this review highlights microbial metabolites as the hidden treasure having potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets through a comprehensive understanding of the gut-immune interaction.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2024

Plants are treasure trove of novel compounds that have potential for antifungal chemicals and drugs. In our previous study, we had screened plant extracts obtained from more than eight hundred plant materials collected in Korea, and found that butanol fraction of the Actinostemma lobatum were most potent in suppressing growth of diverse fungal pathogens of plants. Here in this study, we describe further analysis of the butanol fraction, and summarize the results of subsequent antifungal activity test for the sub-fractions against a selected set of plant pathogenic fungi. This line of analyses allowed us to identify the sub-fractions that could account for a significant proportion of observed antifungal activity of initial butanol fraction from A. lobatum. Further analysis of these sub-fractions and determination of structure would provide the shortlist for novel compounds that can be a lead to new agrochemicals.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.171-195
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• 2004

This research presents an evaluation of the weathering and deterioration state of the Wanggung-ri five-storied stone pagoda in the Iksan (National Treasure No. 289) and suggests conservational schemes. A deterioration map of the pagoda was drawn from the aspects of petrological, physical, chemical, biological, structural and artificial weathering.The rock properties consisting of the pagoda were medium-grained biotite granite that had leucocratic phenocryst developed in parts. The body of each story suffered severely from the secondary contamination that turned the colors into light grey, pitch dark, yellowish brown, and reddish brown as well as granular decomposition, exfoliation and peel-off. The roof stones were heavy exfoliated or peeled off in most of the cases. In addition to the fine cracks, there were layered cracks on the corners. The roof stones of the3rd and 4th story in the north and west side had some stones fall-off, while those of the 2ndstory in the north side had steel reinforcement filled for a fixing purpose. Those of the 5th story showed big gaps that must have originated from cracks and were easily subject to granular decomposition and rainfall. The inside clay filler was missing in the lower part of the roof stones of the 4th and 5th story and the supporting stones, which were thus covered by light grey or pitch dark sediments. The contact area of the materials was about 70 % in the parts where there was a space due to the filler missing and washigher than 90 % in the lower parts of the pagoda. About 90 % or more of the roof stones surface of each story were covered by aerial plants that formed a thick biological mat. Thus it seemed necessary to come up with the conservational measures to remove the plans living on the surface of the stone materials, with the plans to prevent rain from falling inside, and with the water repellent and hardening treatments to postpone the surface weathering of the rock properties. All those measures and plans must be based on the results of long-term monitoring and thorough detail investigations.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권35호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2014

서산 용현리 마애여래삼존상(국보 제 84호)이 새겨진 암체는 층암절벽에 수직수평 방향으로 구조선이 매우 발달한 암체이다. 2007년 보호각 해체 후 상부 암체로부터 유입되는 낙수로 인하여 본존불 좌측에 생물학적 풍화가 진행되고 우측 보살상 상부에는 백화가 관찰되고 있다. 마애불상의 풍화를 저감시키고 훼손으로부터 미연에 방지하기 위한 조치로 건 습식세척으로 부재에 손상이 가지 않도록 오염물을 제거하고, 암체 상부에 L-30을 사용하여 물길을 설치하여 상부로부터 유입되는 낙수로 마애불상 표면이 오염되지 않도록 차단하였다. 또한, 마애불상 주변의 수목을 제거하고 정면부에 자생하는 잡목을 벌목하여 마애불상의 일조량을 증가시키고 통풍을 원활하게 하였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

The Annals of Joseon Dynasty, which recorded governmental affairs for 472 years (AD 1392-1863) during the Joseon dynasty is an representative paper cultural heritage in Korea. Being recognised their authenticity and values they were designated as the No 151 national treasure of Korea in 1973 and registered as 'The Memories of the World' by UNESCO in 1997. Unusually, some volumes of the Annals were treated by beeswax for the permanent preservation. However, the examinations on the deterioration of the beeswax-treated volumes had been exposed the serious damage than the untreated volumes. In particular, the larger amount of beeswax were worst in deterioration condition. In order to solve these problems, NRICH(National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage) of Korea launched the investigation study for the conservation of beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals. Now then, the five study areas have been set up; 1) to understand the damaged condition of the Annals; 2) to analyse the raw materials and production techniques; 3) to test the degradation degree using the duplication samples for understanding the aging factors and mechanism; 4) to develop the conservation techniques through dewaxing and thereafter strengthening the base paper of Hanji; 5) to develop the long-term storage technique using inert gases. On the basis of outcomes from this study, NRICH will plan to establish the systematic conservation and management plan for the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals in future.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2006년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.168-171
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• 2006

제주의 해녀는 독특한 인적 문화 자원으로 세계적으로 한국과 일본에만 존재한다. 특히, 제주 해녀들은 1931년 생존권을 스스로 찾기 위해 해녀항일운동을 전개하여 일제의 식민지 수탈 기관인 관제 조합과 식민지 수탈정책에 대항하여 민족해방운동을 일으켰다. 현재 제주에서는 독특한 제주 해녀문화를 전승하기 위해 제주 해녀를 유네스코 세계 문화유산으로 등재하기 위한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이처럼 해녀와 그들이 전개했던 항일운동에 기반한 디지털 스토리텔링, 캐릭터, 애니메이션, 게임, 홈페이지 등을 개발하여 유아들에게 해녀들의 정신과 문화를 이해하고 계승할 수 있도록 교육적으로 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 점점 사라져 가는 해녀와 관련된 문화 자원을 새롭게 재창출할 수 있는 방안과 항일운동의 정신을 재음미해 볼 수 있도록 한다.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-34
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• 2016

This introduction is both a statement of a research problem and an account of the first research results for its solution. As more historical databases come online and overlap in coverage, we need to discuss the two main issues that prevent 'big' results from emerging so far. Firstly, historical data are seen by computer science people as unstructured, that is, historical records cannot be easily decomposed into unambiguous fields, like in population (birth and death records) and taxation data. Secondly, machine-learning tools developed for structured data cannot be applied as they are for historical research. We propose a complex network, narrative-driven approach to mining historical databases. In such a time-integrated network obtained by overlaying records from historical databases, the nodes are actors, while thelinks are actions. In the case study that we present (the world as seen from Venice, 1205-1533), the actors are governments, while the actions are limited to war, trade, and treaty to keep the case study tractable. We then identify key periods, key events, and hence key actors, key locations through a time-resolved examination of the actions. This tool allows historians to deal with historical data issues (e.g., source provenance identification, event validation, trade-conflict-diplomacy relationships, etc.). On a higher level, this automatic extraction of key narratives from a historical database allows historians to formulate hypotheses on the courses of history, and also allow them to test these hypotheses in other actions or in additional data sets. Our vision is that this narrative-driven analysis of historical data can lead to the development of multiple scale agent-based models, which can be simulated on a computer to generate ensembles of counterfactual histories that would deepen our understanding of how our actual history developed the way it did. The generation of such narratives, automatically and in a scalable way, will revolutionize the practice of history as a discipline, because historical knowledge, that is the treasure of human experiences (i.e. the heritage of the world), will become what might be inherited by machine learning algorithms and used in smart cities to highlight and explain present ties and illustrate potential future scenarios and visionarios.

• 복식
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2009

On April 28th of 2006, a set of Buddha's reliquary was excavated from the pagoda in n Nacsan Temple. According to the record, the relics were put in the pagoda in the 18th year of King SookJong in the Chosun Dynasty (1692). The present paper examines ten pieces of wrapping clothes covering reliquary found in the pagoda. They are especially precious data in the history of textiles because they were blocked off from outside and was preserved in good condition with vivid colors still remaining after more than 300 years. Of the ten pieces of wrapping cloth, five were double-layered and the other five were single-layered. They include 15 pieces of silk fabric but, excluding repeated use of the same silk fabric, the total of 11 pieces of silk fabric were examined. All 11 kinds of silk fabric were patterned, 9 of which were Satin and the other 2 were Twill. Of the 9 Satin pieces, 8 pieces were 5-end satin which had the ground of 5-end warp satin with the figure of 5-end weft satin. The remaining 1 Satin piece were more splendid with prominent figures by using warp and weft of different colors. The 2 Twill pieces used twill weave-the ground was 3-end warp twill and the figures were 5-end weft twill. Both of the Twill pieces were weaved with character patterns, partly using wrapped gold thread as supplementary weft. The patterns of 11 pieces of silk fabric include flower, dragon/phoenix, cloud, and geometric patterns. Five were flower patterns, three were dragon/phoenix patterns, two were geometric pattern, and one was cloud pattern. In addition, various treasure patterns, character patterns were utilized as supplementary patterns. The flower and phoenix patterns reflect characteristics of the textiles of the 17th century whereas check pattern and cloud pattern were very unique.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.375-387
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• 2007

국보 제11호 익산미륵사지석탑은 현재 문화유산의 원형보존을 위하여 해체복원 중이다. 이 석탑의 구성암석은 비교적 풍화에 강한 화강암으로 이루어져 있으나 오랜 세월 동안 대기환경에 노출되면서 다양한 형태의 오염물이 피복되어 원암의 색상을 잃었다. 이 연구에서는 이차적 무기오염물을 성인적 유형으로 세분하고, 육안으로 확연히 판별되는 산화 변색된 부재만을 엄선하여 오염물질의 산출상태 및 오염종을 정량분석 하였다. 또한 용해실험을 통해 가용성 오염종의 지구화학적 거동특성을 규명하고 세정방법 및 효과 등을 분석하여, 표면 세정제의 보존과학적 적용가능성을 검토하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2013

의성 탑리리 오층석탑(국보 제77호)은 통일신라시대의 대표적인 석조문화재이다. 현재 이 석탑은 지속적인 풍화로 인해 전체적으로 흑색, 황색, 백색변색이 발생되어 있으며 백색변색이 발생한 부분에서 미세균열, 박리박락, 입상분해가 집중적으로 분포해 있다. 표면오염물에 대한 분석결과, 흑색변색은 망간산화물, 황색변색은 철산화물, 백색변색은 석고와 타라나카이트로 인해 발생한 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 석탑에 발생한 물리적 훼손은 암석내부에서 석고의 결정화 작용으로 인해 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 의성 탑리리 오층석탑을 장기적으로 보존하기 위해서는 보존처리 매뉴얼에 따라 석고를 중심으로 표면오염물을 제거하고 P-XRF를 활용한 정기적인 모니터링이 요구된다.