• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.1A
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• pp.67-72
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• 2011

There are lots of researches for mobility of MS(mobile station) in All IP based network. Specially, NEMO(NEwork MObility) is not supporting mobility of each MS but supporting mobility of network that include group of MS. Some research try to overcome limitation of wireless with the protocol in wired state and it maintains the performance such as wire environment. There are no researches about multicast with reliability in NEMO. Therefore, this paper suggests efficient algorithm to solve problems when RMTP(Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol) apply to NEMO environment to support high reliability with multicast. And this paper shows the better performance of proposed algorithm for delay and transmission rate between AR and TLMR comparing with RMTP in NEMO.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.109-116
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• 2004

The signal in wireless multi-path channel is affected by fading and ISI because of high data rate transmission, so the signal has the high error rate. The present modulation and demodulation method of DSRC system can not expect sufficient for providing data service over 1 Mbps, so the channel equalization and advanced modulation and demodulation methods are required. OFDM method is generally Inon as an effective technique for high data rate transmission system, since it can prevent ISI by inserting a guard interval. However, a guard interval longer than channel delay spread has to be used in each OFDM symbol period, thus resulting a considerable loss in the efficiency of channel utilization. Therefore the equalizer is necessary to cancel ISI to accommodate advanced ISI service with higher bit rate and longer channel delay spread condition. In this thesis, the channel equalizer for the OFDM-DSRC system was designed and its performance in a multi-path fading environment was evaluated with computer simulation. As a result, the performance of Pseudo LMMSE equalizer for the OFDM-DSRC has been improved comparing with LS equalizer at higher bit rate transmission system.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.974-981
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• 2014

These days, use of multimedia streaming service and demand of QoS (Quality of Service) improvement have been increased because of development of network. QoS of streaming service is influenced by a jitter, delay, throughput, and loss rate. For guaranteeing these factors which are influencing QoS, the role of transport layer is very important. But existing TCP which is a typical transport layer protocol increases the size of congestion window slowly and decreases the size of a congestion window drastically. These TCP characteristic have a problem which cannot guarantee the QoS of UHD multimedia streaming service. In this paper, we propose a router buffer based congestion control method for improving the QoS of UHD streaming services. Our proposed scheme applies congestion window growth rate differentially according to a degree of congestion for preventing an excess of available bandwidth and maintaining a high bandwidth occupied. Also, our proposed scheme can control the size of congestion window according to a change of delay. After comparing with other congestion control protocols in the jitter, throughput, and loss rate, we found that our proposed scheme can offer a service which is suitable for the UDH streaming service.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.137-154
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• 2019

This study analysed the center control emergency vehicle preemption[EVP] test result on the 1.782 km section around Gangbuk Fire Station. The pros and cons between center control and site control EVP was compared through the review of existing research. The test site was selected based on the higher link speed for choosing low congested area and 4 to 6 lane road. EVP operates green extension under the estimated arrival time to each intersection. This study is about EVP system field application and its evaluation by analyzing EVP operation result with the emergency vehicle's trace, GPS data. The impact on the surrounding traffic was analysed in delay from the queue length survey. Analysis showed the decrease in averge travel time 41.81%, but the increase in delay of surrounding traffic slightly. It is expected that EVP can be applied to the expanded area by researching EVP compensation scheme.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2009

The roundabout was developed in the United Kingdom to rectify problems associated with these traffic circles. In 1966, the United Kingdom adopted a mandatory "give-way" rule at alt circular intersections, which required entering traffic to give way, or yield, to circulating traffic. However, the roundabout used in United States or Europe do not common use in Korea. The purposes of the study is to comparatively analyze the effectiveness of roundabout. In pursuing the above, this study designs the scenarios which can reflect the directional traffic volumes, and analyzes the average control delay of roundabout and 4-leg signalized intersection by SIDRA. The main study results are as follows. First, when the entering traffic volume are less than 2,000pcph, the single-lane roundabout is analyzed to be more effective than 4-leg signalized intersection. Second, when the entering traffic volume are less than 3,200pcph, the double-lane roundabout is evaluated to be more effective than 4-leg signalized intersection. Third, which is installed left and right turn lane at intersection, area for the roundabout is analyzed to be less than that for general intersection area.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2012

In this paper, we have developed the system of emergency vehicle preemption signal control based on UTIS(Urban Traffic Information System) which have been deployed and operated in the national capital area. It considered the turning direction(through or left turn) of emergency vehicle at the signalized intersection in order to provide the consecutive progression of emergency vehicle and minimize the control delay of passenger cars. we adopted several EVP control modes such as phase insertion and phase adjustment mode. Also, we evaluated the possibility of field implementation via simulation analysis using CORSIM RTE(Run Time Extension) based HILS(Hardware In the Loop Simulation). We expect that the result of this research contribute to providing the right-of-way to emergency vehicle in this country.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2002

A simulation tool for an optimal ATIS design and drivers' dynamic route choice behavior analysis is developed, which is applicable to urban networks. Due to the difficulty to make drivers feel the time pressure according to traffic conditions, current SP questionnaire survey type surveys have a limitation to capture correct driver reactions to real-time traffic Information provision. The simulator Is a web-based upgraded version, named WATiSim (Web-based ATIS Simulator), to quickly perform a wide population survey with a minimal cost using INTERNET Furthermore, the time pressure issue is lessened by its interface and simulation modules. After WATiSim mimicked a VMS based ATIS in a partial network of Seoul Metropolitan, reactions of drivers to various traffic conditions were surveyed through INTERNET and analyzed using a logit model. Drivers under the ATIS environment clearly understood the provided traffic information, and their reactions were closely related to traffic conditions, scheduled delay, trip purposes as well as toll charge if any.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.50-58
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• 2017

TPCLT(Twice Per Cycle Left-turn) operation reduces this left-turn 'spill-over' problem on an as needed basis by servicing the protected left-turn movement as a leading and a lagging left-turn. In this study, to evaluate the effectiveness of TPCLT applied to three-legged signalized intersection in Korea, the analysis was carried out using VISSIM and SSAM model analysis. The study was implemented by three cases which are TPCLT operation, non-TPCLT operation and half-cycle operation using VISSIM program. According to the 9-left-turn volume scenario, total delay and travel times of each case was analyzed by VISSIM program. The study result shows more effective applying TPCLT operaion in the present ~ +50% scenario area at the intersection in terms of total delay.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.10
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• pp.40-50
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• 1999

The novel network architecture is recently required to accommodate a variety and intelligence of communication services. It is also required to provide customized network functions and to efficiently satisfy a various user's requirements. Accordingly, open network architecture based on ATM transport network features has been mainly studied in communication network. This paper evaluates the VSN(Virtual Switch Network) characteristics in the call processing of IMT-2000 switching system, which is composed of VSN instead of ATM switch network. VSN means switch network which is composed of ATM transport network. As a result, this paper proposes new VSN based ATM-MSC architecture with integrated call and connection control systems. and evaluates call processing delay characteristics using call process procedures. Internal call processing delay is increased approximately 3.5msec than the conventional ATM switching system. The experimental values applied in the analysis condition are the load 0.8, and the 100km distance between CCCPs(Call and Connection Control Processors) and VSNs. It is confirmed that the VSN has the potentiality in the practical implementation.