• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2019

In the case of a hearing impaired person using sign language, there are many difficulties in communicating with a normal person who does not understand sign language. The sign language translation system is a system that enables communication between the hearing impaired person using sign language and the normal person who does not understand sign language in this situation. Previous studies on sign language translation systems for communication between normal people and hearing impaired people using sign language are classified into two types using video image system and shape input device. However, the existing sign language translation system does not solve such difficulties due to some problems. Existing sign language translation systems have some problems that they do not recognize various sign language expressions of sign language users and require special devices. Therefore, in this paper, a sign language translation system using an artificial neural network is devised to overcome the problems of the existing system.

• Advances in biomechanics and applications
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2014

In skin-marker based motion analysis, knee translation measurement is highly dependent on a pre-selected reference point (functional center) on each segment determined by the location of anatomical landmarks. However, the placement of skin markers on palpable anatomical landmarks (i.e., femoral epicondyles) has limited reproducibility. Thus, it produces large variances in knee translation measurement among different subjects, as well as across studies. In order improve the repeatability of knee translation measurement, in this study an optimization method was introduced, by which the femoral functional center was numerically determined. At that point the knee anteroposterior translation during the stance phase of walking was minimized. This new method was tested on 30 healthy subjects during walking in gait lab with motion capture system. Using this new method, the impact of skin marker position (at anatomical landmarks) on the knee translation measurement has been minimized. In addition, the ranges of anteroposterior knee translations during stance phase were significantly (p<0.001) smaller than those measured by conventional method which relies on a pre-selected functional center ($11.1{\pm}3.5mm$ vs. $19.9{\pm}5.5mm$). The results of anteroposterior translation using this new method were very close to a previously reported knee translation (12.4 mm) from dual fluoroscopic imaging technique. Moreover, this new method increased the reproducibility of knee translation measurement by 50%.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.84-98
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• 2011

This paper aims to analyze the influences of the socio-cultural environment on discourse in translation. To illustrate a deep connection between discourses and societies in which they were produced, communicative patterns of high- and low-context cultures are examined. Though the original version of the translated text comes from a different culture, the translation reflects communicative preferences of the target culture. To uncover some of these preferences, a comparative study of two translations from Russian into English and from English into Russian is conducted. This study, together with further investigation of some more recent translations into Russian, revealed a number of choices affected by translators' cultural background (for example, making the translation more emotionally charged) and current ideological preferences in the society (excessive use of anglicisms).

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2022

본 연구는 『그 많던 싱아는 누가 다 먹었을까』 중국어 번역본 4종의 번역 전략에 대해 분석하였다. 주지하듯, 박완서의 작품은 인물의 심리 묘사, 추상적인 어휘, 관용어, 속담, 방언 등이 많아 중국어로 번역할 때 이역, 해석역, 창조역 등 다양한 번역 전략이 요구된다. 본고에서 연구한 4종 모두 번역자에 따라 다소 상이하긴 하지만 모든 번역 전략을 복합적으로 활용하였다. 연구결과 4종 모두 지명 명사, 인물 호칭 등을 번역할 시에는 한자어를 활용한 이역 전략을 많이 활용하였다. 역사·사회·문화·지리의 배경적 해석이 필요한 어휘 등에 대한 번역은 해석역 전략을 사용하였으며, 중복, 정치·역사적으로 민감한 문제, 한국어 발음 및 문법과 관련된 문제 등을 번역할 때는 창조역 전략을 활용하였다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.309-330
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• 2013

This paper explores the concept of pure language introduced in Walter Benjamin's "The Task of the Translator" and looks at various perspectives on this concept represented in theories of Paul De Man and Gilles Deleuze and a short story of Jorge Luis Borges. According to "The Task of the Translator," pure language is defined as a vessel of which fragments are the original and the translation. Just as fragments are part of a vessel, so the original and the translation are fragments of a greater language, which is pure language. On the other hand, De Man, from a deconstructive criticism, says that pure language does not exist except as a permanent disjunction, which inhabits all languages as such, and that any work is totally fragmented in relation to this pure language and every translation is totally fragmented in relation to the original. While De Man consider pure language incorporeal, Deleuzian interpretation regards it as a virtual object or differenciator in relation to which the two series of the original and the translation coexist and resonate. Finally in Borges's "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" Menard attempt to translate Cervantes's Don Quixote identically in every detail. By showing a case in which the original and the translation are the same, Borges raises a question what would take place in relation to pure language if the original and the translation were identical. In Deleuze, identity and resemblance are the result of a differenciator, but in Borges, identity is a differenciator which produces differences. If we apply this logic to the last paragraph of "The Task of the Translator," we can say the interlinear version of Scriptures, as the prototype or ideal of all translation, in the form of which the original and the translation must be one, is a differenciator, an endless difference-making machine.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2022

동시통번역은 문장의 일부만으로 번역을 시작하는 온라인 디코딩으로 지연 대비 번역 성능을 평가 지표로 사용한다. 동시통번역 연구의 공통의 목적은 지연 대비 번역 성능을 높이는 것으로, 지연과 번역 성능 사이의 적절한 절충점을 찾는 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 동시통번역의 현재 연구 흐름을 반영하여 한국어에서 고정 정책 기반 동시통번역의 비교 실험을 진행하였다. 또한, 한국어에서 동시통번역은 토큰화 과정에서 많은 분절이 발생하여 다른 언어 대비 불필요한 지연이 발생하게 되고, 이를 해결하기 위한 n-gram 토큰화 방안 등의 후속 연구의 필요성에 대해 제시하였다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2021

딥러닝 모델을 활용한 인공신경망 기계번역 (Neural machine translation)이 주류 분야로 떠오르면서 최고의 성능을 위해 모델과 데이터 언어 쌍에 대한 많은 투자와 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나, 최근 대부분의 인공신경망 기계번역 연구들은 번역 문장의 품질을 극대화하는 자연어 생성을 위한 디코딩 전략 (Decoding strategy)에 대해서는 미래 연구 과제로 남겨둔 채 다양한 실험과 구체적인 분석이 부족한 상황이다. 기계번역에서 디코딩 전략은 번역 문장을 생성하는 과정에서 탐색 경로를 최적화 하고, 모델 변경 및 데이터 확장 없이도 성능 개선이 가능하다. 본 논문은 시퀀스 투 시퀀스 (Sequence to Sequence) 모델을 활용한 신경망 기반의 기계번역에서 고전적인 그리디 디코딩 (Greedy decoding)부터 최신의 방법론인 Dynamic Beam Allocation (DBA)까지 비교 분석하여 디코딩 전략의 효과와 그 의의를 밝힌다.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.452-463
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to analyze and evaluate prior studies published in Korea on the cardiovascular disease-related quality of life, in order to make recommendations for further research. Methods: A total of 15 studies were selected from four databases(Digital library of Research Information Center for Health, Korea Medical Database, MedRic, and National Assembly Library). The selected studies were analyzed according to criteria, such as diagnosis/operation, used instrument, generic/specific instrument, dimension of quality of life, translation/ back-translation, sample size, reliability, validity, responsiveness, number of items, type of scale, time required, and independent variables. Results: Of the 15 cardiovascular disease-related quality of life studies, approximately half of them were conducted with hypertension or ischemic heart disease patients. All studies asserted that the concept of quality of life had multidimensional attributes. With respect to the questionnaire used for measuring the quality of life, only one study used a cardiovascular disease specific-instrument and most studies did not consider whether or not the validity of their instrument had been established. In addition, when using questionnaires developed in other languages, only one study employed a translation/back-translation technique. The types of variables tested for their influence on quality of life were quite limited. Conclusion: It is recommended to develop a reliability and validity established cardiovascular disease specific-quality of life for Korean patients and to identify associated new variables.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

A brief consultation of English Arabic dictionaries and encyclopedias shows that there is no one single standard Arabic translation of the English concept 'democracy'. Arab authors use, instead, a series of multiple terms that need clarification if the first term is to be clear. In many cases, they tend to localize the term into Arabic using various orthographic forms; at other times, they run a rather lengthy analysis to elucidate the concept that seems to be an essentially contested term. This paper aims to inquire into the reasons for the confusion and inconsistency in the translation of the concept 'democracy', as well as the underlying arguments for advocating the localization rather than translation of this political concept. This will be followed by a discussion of the implications of this study for lexicographers and translators. Given the fact that ideology is of non-Arabic origin, English perceptions of this fluid concept might help account for its lack of clarity in Arabic translations since Arabic is highly influenced by English in various spheres of life. It would thus be wise first to check the perceptivity of English authors of the concept. To better serve the purpose of this study, the author distinguishes here between 'translation' and so-called 'localization'. The term 'translation' is concerned with finding an existing term in the target language with an equivalent meaning for a foreign word, whereas localization involves taking the foreign term and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target language, by subjecting it to the morphological and syntactic rules of Arabic to be used as if it were originally Arabic.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제36권
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• pp.241-270
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• 2014

The aim of this article is to review the traditional methodologies of teaching translation that concentrate on text-typologies and, as an alternative, to propose an eclectic multi-componential approach that involves a set of interdisciplinary skills with a view to improving the trainee translators' competences and skills. To this end, three approaches, namely a minimalist approach, a pre-transferring adjustment approach and a revision vs. editing approach are proposed to shift the focus of attention from teacher-centred approaches towards student-centred approaches. It has been shown that translator training programmes need to focus on improving the trainee translators' competences and skills, such as training them how to produce and select among the different versions they produce by themselves with justified confidence as quickly as they can (minimalist approach), adjust the original text semantically, syntactically and/or textually in a way that the source text supplely accommodates itself in the linguistic system of the target language (pre-transferring adjustment), and revise and edit others' translations. As the validity of the approach proposed relies partially on instructors' competences and skills in teaching translation, universities, particularly in the Arab world, need to invest in recruiting expert practitioners instead of depending mainly on bilingual teachers to teach translation.