• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the iron nutritional status by investigating dietary intake and analyzing the hematological iron status indices including serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) in 8 to 28 month old infants md young children taking supplementary foods. The nutrient intake of 60 healthy infants and young children from 8 to 24 months of age was investigated by means of a 24-hour recall method, and the subjects were divided into 2 groups (8- 12 months and 13-28 months) according to age. Venous blood samples from these groups were collected and measured for the following : hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct) , mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and sTfR. Anemia is defined as hemoglobin < 11g /dl , serum ferritin level < 10ng1m1 for iron deficiency , serum transferring receptor(sTfR) > 4.5mg / 1 for iron deficient erythropoiesis. Total daily calorie intake was 934.6 ${\pm}$ 284.5kcal (98.32% of RDA) on average. Average daily iron intake in infants aged 8 to 12 months was 8.92 ${\pm}$ 3.32mg. The mean daily iron intake in infants aged 13 to 28 months was 7.15 ${\pm}$ 3.35mg (90% of Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA). Mean values for Hb, Hct sew ferritin and sTfR were 12.10 ${\pm}$ 0.77g141,36.02 ${\pm}$ 2.31%,20.91 ${\pm}$ 11.58ng/m1 and 3.78 ${\pm}$ 1.47mg /1, respectively. In the young children from 13 to 28 months of age, the prevalence of anemia was 5.6%. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 9.5% in those from 8 to 12 months of age, and 27.8% in those from 13 to 28 months of age. The prevalence of iron deficient erythropoiesis was 16.7% in infants aged 8 to 12 months and 44.4% in those aged 13 to 28 months. The prevalence of both serum ferritin level < 10ng/m1 sTfR > 4.5mg/1 was 22% in the young children aged 13 to 28 months. The measureand ment of sTfR may be a promising new tool in diagnosis of iron deficiency in early childhood when the iron deficiency is prevalent. It seems appropriate to emphasize nutritional education and evaluation to promote the iron nutritional status of infants and young children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.692-702
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• 1993

To evaluate iron nutritional status and to compare biochemical indices used for evaluation of iron nutriture, fasting blood sample was taken from 96 Korean female college student and hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron, total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin concentration were measured and transferrin(TF) saturation was calculated. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied from 4.2% when judged from Hb concentration and Hct to 38.5% and 40.6% when TIBC and serum ferritin concentration were used. TIBC was negatively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.4561, p<0.001), while other indices showed positive but less significant correlations(p<0.05). Regarding iron status judged by serum ferritin was regarded as true iron status, the present cutoff points of Hb, Hct, serum iron, TF saturation were very insensitive in identifying the subjects with iron deficiency. Only TIBC was suitable for detecting iron deficiency in the study subjects. It is concluded from the study results that iron deficiency in young Korean adult women would be significantly underestimated with presently used biochemical measurements except TIBC and new cutoff points of these indices were proposed based on sensitivity, specificity measured prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.293.3-294
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• 2002

In the brain, glial cells serve in the role to sequester metal from the neural microenvironment and therefore play an important role as a cellular deposition site. The central nervous system is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and free iron can stimulate oxidative stress by the Fenton reaction. Aluminum may upregulates the transferrin-independent iron uptake system and stimulate oxidative stress. Nramp2. also known as DMT 1. is a 12-transmembrane(TM) domain protein responsible for dietary iron uptake as well as metal ions such as iron. lead, mangamese. zinc. copper, and cobait. (omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2019

Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitations associated with chronic inflammatory response due to noxious particles or gases in the lung. Iron deficiency is associated with chronic inflammation, such as COPD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship among iron deficiency, iron homeostasis, and inflammation in retired miners with COPD. Methods: The serum levels of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR), and transferrin saturation(TSat) as biomarkers for iron deficiency and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP) as a biomarker for inflammation and hepcidin as a biomarker for iron homeostasis were measured in 93 male subjects. Iron deficiency was defined as any one or more of (1) sTfR>28.1 nmol/L, (2) TSat<16%, and (3) ferritin< $12{\mu}g/L$. Results: Iron deficiency was found 28% of the study subjects. Median levels of serum hsCRP was significantly increased related to airflow limitation of COPD(GOLD 1, $0.09{\mu}g/dL$ vs. GOLD 2, $0.17{\mu}g/dL$ vs. GOLD $3{\leq}$, $0.30{\mu}g/dL$, p=0.010), and was positively correlated with hepcidin(p=0.009). Mean level of serum hepcidin was lower in COPD subjects with iron deficiency(p=0.004) and serum levels of hepcidin was negatively correlated with %$FEV_1$ predicted(p=0.030). Conclusions: These results suggest that high serum levels of hepcidin are related to severe airflow limitation or inflammation and can decrease iron availability, regardless of iron status.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the iron status and its related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The prevalence of iron deficiency among subjects ranged from 3.4% in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to 43.7% in ferritin. Weight, lean body mass (LBM) and body mass index (BMI) were positively correlated with ferritin concentration, but negatively correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Among the nutrients, vitamin A and B2 were major predictors of elevated iron status. Meal regularity was positively correlated with Fe and ferritin concentration, and meal number with transferrin saturation (TS), meal quantity with red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct). Consumption of fruit, meat, fish and poultry showed strong positive correlation with hematological indices. Therefore, increasing vitamin A, B2, C, and iron intakes as well as maintenance of a healthy weight may be helpful in preventing iron deficiency in female college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1988

Nutritional Status of 74 elderly Koreans(35 men and 39 women) from middle-income households in Incheon were evaluated in terms of dietary nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analysis. The mean consumptions of all nutrients were lower than R.D.A except iron, thiamine and niacin. However, 25.7% of men and 33.3% of women consumed less amount of iron than 75% of R.D.A. Average body mass index of women was sightly but significantly higher than that of men (P<0.05). Obesity rate and triceps skinfold thickness of women were much higher than those of men (23.3% vs 5.4% and 14.9mm vs 9.6mm, respectively). By judging from amounts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation of the elderly, 5.6-33.3% of men and 5.0-33.3% of women seem to be possibly anemic.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2004

To increase both iron and enhancers for iron absorption through diets should be a basic strategy to sufficiently provide increased iron for pregnancy. Previous studies reported that iron intakes of Korean pregnant women were short and their iron status deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. However, there is little data about the bioavailability of dietary iron during pregnancy. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes of dietary iron intakes, its bioavailability and iron status during pregnancy longitudinally in Korean women. A total of 151 pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy voluntarily participated. Among them, 72 women finished the research protocol during the second trimester and 55 did it during the third trimester. Dietary intakes of total iron, both non-heme and heme iron, as well as enhancers, both MPF (meat, poulty, and fish) and vitamin C, increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. As the results, bioavailability of dietary iron and iron absorbed increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. However, the amount of iron absorbed at each trimester did not meet considerably the iron needed during pregnancy. All five indices examined in the study, Hb level, Hct, serum concentrations of ferritin and sTfR (soluble transferrin receptor), and sTfR: ferritin ratio, showed that iron status of the subjects deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. The rate of anemia of the subjects increased as pregnancy progressed although more than 80% of the subjects took iron supplements after the 20th week of pregnancy. These results imply that it is needed to provide more iron especially, heme iron and dietary enhancers to prevent the deterioration of iron status during pregnancy. Future research on bioavailability of supplemental iron should be performed to determine the iron balance precisely.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin $B_{12}$, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 1999

It has been known for some time that elevated body iron could be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The present study was conducted to determine body iron status and dietary iron intake of patients with myocardial infarction(MI). Seventy five patients from the Chunam area with their first MI history within he past 2 months were recruited. The serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and percent transferrin saturation(TS) were selected as indicators of body iron status. Twenty four hour recall was conducted by trained interviewers to asses the dietary intake. Most women (91.3%) showed waist to hip ratio(W/H) greater than 0.85 while 17.3% of men were assessed to have a tendency of abdominal obesity(W/H>0.95). The average BMI of women was 25.80 and that of men was 23.98. The average diet intake of participants was below the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for most nutrients. He average dietary iron intake was 10.03 mg/day for all subjects while women's iron intake was significantly lower than men's. However, a great proportion of participants (77%) showed a tendency to have normal iron status. About 9% of the participants were assessed as iron deficient and 14% had an iron overload. The mean serum iron concentration was 125 g/dl ranging from 13.3 to 280.6 g/dl. Iron intake from animal sources were significantly associated with body iron status (r=0.257, p=0.026) when TIBC was used as an iron status indicator. When iron status was assessed with TS, it was directly associated with iron intake from animal sources(r=0.278, p=0.05) for he subjects in the normal iron status group. He results of the present study showed that the nutrient intake of Mi patients in Chunan was not quite adequate while iron status was mostly in the normal range. Further studies are needed to investigated whether there is a possible difference in iron metabolism of the MI patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between iron deficiency without anemia and physical performance in healthy women aged 20-21 yrs. Ten subjects with normal iron stores (serum ferritin $\geq$ 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/L: iron-sufficient group) and 11 subjects with iron depletion without anemia (serum ferritin < 12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and serum hemoglobin > 120 g/L: iron-depleted group) were chosen from a group of 50 women and were given physical-performance tests, including determinations of maximum oxygen consumption (VO$_2$ max) and ventilatory threshold. Iron status assessment included determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, seam ferritin, total iron-binding rapacity, serum iron and transferrin saturation values. Dietary iron intake was assessed based on seven-day food intake records written by the subjects. Physical activity level was estimated by frequency questionnaires and two-week physical activity records were compiled daily by the subjects. Blood ferritin concentration was significantly lower in the iron-depleted group than in the iron-sufficient group (p < 0.05). However, other variables showing iron status was not different between the groups. There were no significant differences in body size, body composition and physical activity levels between the groups. Daily dietary iron, total protein and animal protein intakes of the iron-sufficient group were significantly higher than those of the iron depleted group. However, no differences were found in the amount of dietary vitamin C and fiber between the groups. The values for VO$_2$max and VO$_2$max corrected with weight or fat-free mass were not different between the groups. However, the ventilatory threshold was significantly higher in the iron sufficient group than in the iron-depleted group. The lower ventilatory threshold in the iron-depleted group suggests that iron depletion without anemia could diminish aerobic physical performance in young women. In addition, a significant correlation of physical performance to serum fferritin level was shown only in the iron depleted group.