• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2004

This paper presents a neural network controller of a grid-connected wind energy conversion system for extracting maximum power from wind and a power controller to transfer the maximum power extracted into a utility grid. It discusses the modeling and simulation of the wind energy conversion system with the controllers, which consists of an induction generator, a transformer, a link of a rectifier, and an inverter. The paper describes tile drive train model, induction generator model and grid-interface model for dynamics analysis. Maximum power extraction is achieved by controlling the pitch angle of the rotor blades by a neural network controller. Pitch control method is mechanically complicated, but the control performance is better than that of the stall regulation. The simulation results performed on MATLAB show the variation of the generator torque, the generator rotor speed, the pitch angle, and real/reactive power injected into the grid, etc. Based on the simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed controllers is verified.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.427-448
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• 2014

At present, the time of easy oil and gas is over. Now, the largest part of fossil fuels is concentrated in the deepest levels of tectonic structures and in the sea shelves. One of the most cumbersome operations of their extraction is the bore-hole drilling. In connection with austere tectonic and climate conditions, their drivage every so often is associated with great and diversified technological difficulties causing emergencies on frequent occasions. As a rule, they are linked with drill string accidents. A key role in prediction of these situations should play methods of theoretical modelling. For this reason, there is a growing need for development and implementation of new numerical methods for computer simulation of critical and post-critical behavior of drill strings (DSs). In this paper, the processes of non-linear deforming of a DS in cylindrical cavity of a deep bore-hole are considered. On the basis of the theory of curvilinear flexible rods, non-linear constitutive differential equations are deduced. The effects of the longitudinal non-uniform preloading, action of torque and interaction between the DS and the bore-hole surface are taken into account. Owing to the use of curvilinear coordinates in the constraining cylindrical surface and a specially chosen concomitant reference frame, it became possible to separate the desired variables and to reduce the total order of the equation system. To solve it, the method of continuation the solution by parameter and the transfer matrix technique are applied. As a result of the completed numerical analysis, the critical states of the DS loading in the cylindrical channels of inclined bore-holes are found. It is shown that the modes of the post-critical deforming of the DS are associated with its irregular spiral curving prevailing in the zone of bottom-hole-assembly. The possibility of invariant state generation during post-critical deforming is established, condition of its bifurcation is formulated. It is shown that infinite variety of loads can correspond to one geometrical configuration of the DS. They differ each from other by contact force functions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1359-1365
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• 2014

In this study, 1-way fluid structure interaction analysis(FSI) for the shutter, component of side jet thruster was performed to evaluate the safety. Driving torque to open nozzle, thermal and high pressure load of hot gas was applied to shutter. Thus, the shutter must be designed to endure this load during combustion. We carried out computational fluid dynamics analysis to obtain the pressure, temperature, and heat transfer coefficient of hot gas of side jet thruster. We then used the data as the load condition for a thermal structural analysis using a mapping method. The locations with the maximum stress and temperature distributions were found. We compared the maximum stress with the tensile stress of shutter material according to temperature to evaluate the safety. We also analyzed the radial deformation of the shutter to set the proper interface gap with the side jet thruster parts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.306.2-306.2
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• 2014

전자기기의 휴대성과 이동성이 강조되고 있는 현대사회에서 비휘발성 메모리는 메모리 산업에 있어 매우 매력적인 동시에 커다란 잠재성을 지닌다. 이미 공정의 한계에 부딪힌 Flash 메모리를 대신하여 10nm 이하의 공정이 가능한 상변화 메모리(Phase-Change Memory, PRAM), 스핀 주입 자화 반전 메모리(Spin Transfer Torque-Magnetic RAM, STT-MRAM), 저항 변화 메모리(Resistive Random Access Memory, ReRAM)가 차세대 비휘발성 메모리 후보로서 거론되고 있으며, 그 중에서도 ReRAM은 빠른 속도와 낮은 소비 전력, CMOS 공정 호환성, 그리고 비교적 단순한 3차원 적층 구조의 특성으로 인해 활발히 연구되고 있다. 특히 최근에는 질화물 또는 질소를 도핑한 산화물을 저항변화 물질로 사용하는 ReRAM이 보고되고 있는데, 이들은 동작전압이 낮을 뿐만 아니라 저항 변화(Resistive Switching, RS) 과정에서 일어나는 계면 산화를 방지할 수 있으므로 ReRAM의 저항 변화 재료로서 각광받고 있다. 그러나 Cell 단위의 ReRAM 소자를 Crossbar Array 구조에 적용시켰을 때 주변 Cell과의 저항 상태 차이로 인해 전류가 낮은 저항 상태(LRS)의 Cell로 흘러 의도치 않은 동작을 야기한다. 이와 같이 누설 전류(Leakage Current)로 인한 상호간의 간섭이 일어나는 Cross-talk 현상이 존재하며, 공정의 간소화와 집적도를 유지하면서 이 문제를 해결하는 것은 실용화하기에 앞서 매우 중요한 문제이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 Read 동작 시 발생하는 Cell과 Cell 사이의 Cross-talk 문제를 해결하기 위해 자가 정류 특성(Self-Rectifying)을 가지는 실리콘 질화물/알루미늄 질화물 이중층(Si3N4/AlN Bi-layer)으로 구성된 ReRAM 소자 구조를 제안하였으며, Sputtering 방법을 이용하여 제안된 소자를 제작하였다. 전압-전류 특성 실험결과, 제안된 구조에 대한 에너지 밴드 다이어그램 시뮬레이션 결과와 동일하게 Positive Bias 영역에서 자가 정류 특성을 획득하였고, 결과적으로 Read 동작 시 발생하는 Cross-talk 현상을 차단할 수 있는 결과를 확보하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.403-404
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• 2013

최근 scaling down의 한계에 부딪힌 DRAM과 Flash Memory를 대체하기 위한 차세대 메모리(Next Generation Memory)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. ITRS (international technology roadmap for semiconductors)에 따르면 PRAM (phase change RAM), RRAM (resistive RAM), STT-MRAM (spin transfer torque magnetic RAM) 등이 차세대 메모리로써 부상하고 있다. 그 중 RRAM은 간단한 구조로 인한 고집적화, 빠른 program/erase 속도 (100~10 ns), 낮은 동작 전압 등의 장점을 갖고 있어 다른 차세대 메모리 중에서도 높은 평가를 받고 있다 [1]. 현재 RRAM은 주로 금속-산화물계(Metal-Oxide) 저항 변화 물질을 기반으로 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 하지만 근본적으로 공정 과정에서 산소에 의한 오염으로 인해 수율이 낮은 문제를 갖고 있으며, Endurance 및 Retention 등의 신뢰성이 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구진은 산소 오염에 의한 신뢰성 문제를 근본적으로 해결할 수 있는 다양한 금속-질화물(Metal-Nitride) 기반의 저항 변화 물질을 제안해 연구를 진행하고 있으며, 우수한 열적 안정성($>450^{\circ}C$, 높은 종횡비, Cu 확산 방지 역할, 높은 공정 호환성 [2] 등의 장점을 가진 WN 박막을 저항 변화 물질로 사용하여 저항 변화 메모리를 구현하기 위한 연구를 진행하였다. WN 박막은 RF magnetron sputtering 방법을 사용하여 Ar/$N_2$ 가스를 20/30 sccm, 동작 압력 20 mTorr 조건에서 120 nm 의 두께로 증착하였고, E-beam Evaporation 방법을 통하여 Ti 상부 전극을 100 nm 증착하였다. I-V 실험결과, WN 기반의 RRAM은 양전압에서 SET 동작이 일어나며, 음전압에서 RESET 동작을 하는 bipolar 스위칭 특성을 보였으며, 읽기 전압 0.1 V에서 ~1 order의 저항비를 확보하였다. 신뢰성 분석 결과, $10^3$번의 Endurance 특성 및 $10^5$초의 긴 Retention time을 확보할 수 있었다. 또한, 고저항 상태에서는 Space-charge-limited Conduction, 저저항 상태에서는 Ohmic Conduction의 전도 특성을 보임에 따라 저항 변화 메카니즘이 filamentary conduction model로 확인되었다 [3]. 본 연구에서 개발한 WN 기반의 RRAM은 우수한 저항 변화 특성과 함께 높은 재료적 안정성, 그리고 기존 반도체 공정 호환성이 매우 높은 강점을 갖고 있어 핵심적인 차세대 메모리가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.48-51
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• 2011

We performed macro-spin simulation studies of the current-induced magnetization reversal of nanomagnetic elements with short current pulses. A special attention was paid to the effect of the energy barrier on the switching current distribution. The switching current and its distribution increase with decreasing the current pulse-width. The relationship between the energy barrier and switching current distribution is described by the Arrhenius-N$\'{e}$el law at a long pulse-width regime. At a regime of short pulse-width, however, the relationship is left unaddressed. The difficulty to address this issue arises because the magnetization switching with a short current pulse is governed not by the thermal activation but by the precession motion. Therefore, an exact formulation for the short pulse regime by solving the Fokker-Plank equation is needed to understand the result.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1095-1101
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• 2012

This paper presents a design of a BLDC servo motor control system for the auto process of assembly and supply using DSP(Digital Signal Processor) controller and IGBT driver. The assembly and supply auto processing system needs torque, speed, position control of servo motor for variable action. This paper implements those servo control with vector control and space vector PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) technique. As CPU of controller, TMS320F240 DSP was adopted because it has PWM waveform generator, A/D converter, SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface) port and many input/output port etc. This control system consists of 3-level hierarchy structure that main host PC manages three sub DSP system which transfer downward command and are monitoring the states of end servo controllers. Each sub DSP system operates eight BLDC servo controllers which control BLDC motor using DSP and IPM. Between host system and sub DSP communicate with RS-422, between main processor and controller communicate with SPI port.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2015

A time-domain simulation tool to predict the dynamic power output of wind turbines in an offshore wind farm was developed in this study. A wind turbine model consisting of first or second order transfer functions of various wind turbine elements was combined with the Ainslie's eddy viscosity wake model to construct the simulation tool. The wind turbine model also includes an aerodynamic model that is a look up table of power and thrust coefficients with respect to the tip speed ratio and pitch angle of the wind turbine obtained by a commercial multi-body dynamics simulation tool. The wake model includes algorithms of superposition of multiple wakes and propagation based on Taylor's frozen turbulence assumption. Torque and pitch control algorithms were implemented in the simulation tool to perform max-Cp and power regulation control of the wind turbines. The simulation tool calculates wind speeds in the two-dimensional domain of the wind farm at the hub height of the wind turbines and yields power outputs from individual wind turbines. The NREL 5MW reference wind turbine was targeted as a wind turbine to obtain parameters for the simulation. To validate the simulation tool, a Danish offshore wind farm with 80 wind turbines was modelled and used to predict the power from the wind farm. A comparison of the prediction with the measured values available in literature showed that the results from the simulation program were fairly close to the measured results in literature except when the wind turbines are congruent with the wind direction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.448-448
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• 2010

Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) has made a prominent progress in memory performance and has brought a bright prospect for the next generation nonvolatile memory technologies due to its excellent advantages. Dry etching process of magnetic thin films is one of the important issues for the magnetic devices such as magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) based MRAM. CoFeB is a well-known soft ferromagnetic material, of particular interest for magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and other devices based on tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR), such as spin-transfer-torque MRAM. One particular example is the CoFeB - MgO - CoFeB system, which has already been integrated in MRAM. In all of these applications, knowledge of control over the etching properties of CoFeB is crucial. Recently, transferring the pattern by using milling is a commonly used, although the redeposition of back-sputtered etch products on the sidewalls and the low etch rate of this method are main disadvantages. So the other method which has reported about much higher etch rates of >$50{\AA}/s$ for magnetic multi-layer structures using $Cl_2$/Ar plasmas is proposed. However, the chlorinated etch residues on the sidewalls of the etched features tend to severely corrode the magnetic material. Besides avoiding corrosion, during etching facets format the sidewalls of the mask due to physical sputtering of the mask material. Therefore, in this work, magnetic material such as CoFeB was etched in an ICP etching system using the gases which can be expected to form volatile metallo-organic compounds. As the gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia ($NH_3$) were used as etching gases to form carbonyl volatiles, and the etched features of CoFeB thin films under by Ta masking material were observed with electron microscopy to confirm etched resolution. And the etch conditions such as bias power, gas combination flow, process pressure, and source power were varied to find out and control the properties of magnetic layer during the process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.67-73
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• 2021

Tanks are key weapons of ground combat that are equipped with powerful weapons and have strong protective bodies. One tank component, the engine clutch flange, is located in the part of the tank where the engine and transmission are installed, and it is a key part of the power transfer and shutoff. The engine clutch flange transmits high power to secure the mobility of the tank; thus, it must have high strength and hardness. In addition, high durability and safety must be ensured because tank operations must exclude concerns about damage. In this study, an engine clutch female flange for tanks made of SNCM439 was developed. The 2D design used AutoCAD programs, and the 3D shape design used CATIA programs. The structural analysis was conducted using ANSYS. The mesh grid has a tetrahedron shape and is created by adding a mid-side node. After the mechanical properties and constraints of SNCM439 were entered, the changes in the safety factor, total deformation, and Von-Mises stress were identified according to the increase in torque. Prototype processing was performed to verify the engine clutch female flange for the tank. To determine the productivity of the product, the cutting processing time was measured when processing the prototypes. Based on the results of measuring the cutting processing time, it is concluded that research is needed to improve productivity because MCT slot cutting processing is time consuming.