• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2022

Objective: This study aims to compare the range of motion of the joints by applying the contraction and relaxation techniques used in manual therapy as electrical stimulation treatment. Based on this, we would like to propose the possibility of using motor nerve electrical stimulation therapy for musculoskeletal physical therapy. Design: Single-arm interventional study Methods: Active and passive straight leg raising tests were performed on 20 healthy men and women in their 20s to measure the angle of hip joint flexion. Then, the electrical stimulation time was set to 10 seconds and 5 seconds of rest, and motor nerve electrical stimulation of 1 Hz was applied with the maximum strength that could withstand the hamstring muscles for 10 minutes. After electrical stimulation, straight leg raising tests again to confirm the range of motion of the hip joint flexion. Results: As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the joint range of motion was significantly improved for both active and passive straight leg raising tests after application of motor nerve electrical stimulation(p<.05). Conclusions: With a strong electrical stimulation treatment of 1 Hz, the effect similar to the contraction and relaxation technique used in manual therapy was confirmed through the joint range of motion. In the future, motor nerve electrical stimulation therapy can be used for musculoskeletal physical therapy to provide a new approach for patients with reduced pain and joint range of motion due to muscle tension.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.465-479
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• 1995

We randomly assigned 61 healthy subjects(male 14, female 47) to compare the experimental pain threshold and skin temperature between high mode TENS and burst mode TENS. In this study, 61 subjects were divided into three groups ; high mode TENS(n=20), burst mode TENS (n=20), and control group(n=21). Experimental pain thresholds and skin temperatures were measured before, immediately after cessation of stimulation, and at 30 minutes post stimulation. Stimulation was applied to the dorsal surface of the forearm(L14, LI10). Pain thresholds were measured by chronaxie meter. Skin temperature were measured by electrical digital thermometer. The results are as follows ; 1. There were no statistical difference in the pain threshold and skin temperature at before TENS stimulation among the three groups(p>0.05). 2. The pain threshold and skin temperature in burst mode TENS group was significantly higher and longer effect than that in high mode TENS group and control group(p<0.01). 3. The pain threshold in burst mode TENS group decreased to prestimulation levels by 30 minutes poststimulation. 4. The skin temperature in burst mode TENS group decreased to prestimulation levels by 20 minutes poststimulation. 5. The skin temperature was significantly difference among three group at immediately after, and at 30 minutes poststimulation and the skin temperature in burst mode TENS group was significantely higher than that in two groups(p<0.001). 6. The increasing rate of pain threshold in high mode TENS group after immediately cassation of stimulation was 24.3%(p<0.001). 7. The increasing rate of pain threshold in burst mode TENS group after immediately cessation of stimulation was 93.5% (p<0.001).

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate difference of the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) with different frequencies in participants having delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS). Methods : We recruited 36 healthy participants, but 3 of them were dropped out. They were randomly divided into 3groups : 3 Hz TENS(n=11), 100 Hz TENS(n=11) and sham TENS(n=11). DOMS of the both triceps surae muscle induced by repetitive concentric, ecentric exercise. The result measurements were pain perception(visual analogue scale, VAS), mechanical pain threshold(MPT) by pressure algometer, electrical contraction and fatigue by surface electromyography. The measurements were on first visit, before and after treatment except first. This study was prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Results : In 100 Hz TENS group, VAS was significantly decreased during whole session compared with 3 Hz and control group, and after each treatment, too. In 3 Hz TENS group, VAS was significantly decreased during whole session compared with control group, and after 2nd, 3rd treatment, too. In 100 Hz TENS group, MPT increased the most among 3 groups during whole session and after 1st treatment, but there were no statistical significances. Conclusions : Both 3 Hz and 100 Hz TENS improved delayed onset muscle soreness, but 100 Hz TENS group is more effective than 3 Hz TENS group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 1996

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of TENS theory, 12 dental studensts of KyungPook National University and 18 prosthodontic patients were applied by 3M DENTAL ELECTRONIC ANESTHESIA and the follwing results were obtained: 1. Using the TENS theory to 12students, and EPT test was conducted and 6 students among total 12 students showed the anesthetic effects to the pain(p<0.05). 2. 15 prosthetically preparated patients show the anesthetic effects to the pain among total 18 patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.217-220
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• 1999

Background: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been widely used for pain relief after surgery instead of opioid analgesics therapy. This study was designed to study the effectiveness of TENS on perianal pain after anal surgery. Methods: Forty-eight patients who underwent anal surgery were evaluated in this suudy. Caudal anesthesia with 1.5% lidocaine 30 ml mixture 1：200,000 epinephrine was performed. TENS was done at 100 Hz for 25 min. duration, postoperatively at 4 hrs and 24 hrs. Pain was also measured at the 4 hrs and 24 hrs postoperatively by visual analogue scale (VAS). VAS value were compared before and after TENS application. Results: Values of VAS after TENS were significantly lower compared to those before TENS. Conclusions: From these results, we concluded, TENS may be effective for postoperative perianal pain relief after anal surgery.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of scrambler and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy on pain, functional disability, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic stroke were assigned randomly to an experimental (n=10) or control (n=10) group. The experimental group performed scrambler therapy. The control group performed electrical nerve stimulation therapy. Training was conducted once a day for 30 minutes, five days per week, for three weeks. The pain was measured using the numeric rating scale. Functional disability was measured using the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire. Depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory. Results: As a result of comparison between the groups, the experimental and control groups showed significant difference for pain, functional disability and depression after the experiment (p<0.05). In a comparison between the two groups, the experimental group, in which scrambler therapy was applied, showed a more significant reduction in pain, functional disability and depression than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, scrambler therapy shows positive effects on pain, functional disability, and depression in patients with chronic low back pain.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.211-224
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present a way to alleviate motion sickness(MS) by stimulating acupoint through PEMFs, and to assess the effectiveness of PEMFs against stimulation previously used to stimulate acupoint using biosignal evaluations and surveys. Materials and Methods: Thirteen healthy men participated in the experiment. MS was induced in the participants, and MS relief stimulation was applied for 30 minutes. There were 4 types of MS relief stimulation, and Sham, Reliefband, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS), and Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation(PEMFs) were used. The biosignals were measured during 30 minutes of applying MS relief stimulation, and the symptoms of MS were evaluated through a questionnaire survey. The measured biosignals are Electrocardiogram(ECG), Electrodermal activity(EDA), Respiration, Skin temperature(SKT), and Electrogastrogram(EGG). A one-way ANOVA test was performed for the rate of change by stimulation for MS relief over time. Results: Participants who were stimulated had a sharp decrease in MS symptoms. Biosignals were analyzed to evaluate autonomic nervous system activity, and the parasympathetic nervous system could be activated through stimulation. Conclusion: TENS and PEMFs were more effective in relieving MS symptoms than Reliefband. It is believed that PEMFs will be effective in consideration of the comfort of participants to be applied to actual vehicles, and studies to further verify the effects of PEMFs on MS should be conducted.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on plasma beta endorphin concentration level and the influences on pain score of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) mediation to patients During a prostate needle biopsy. Methods: TENS was administered to only the experimental group. The electric current was given in high frequency (40-100 pps) and low intensity ($2-50{\mu}s$) from the waiting room stage until the end of the procedure. The average time spent was 35 minutes. Following 10 minutes of retention in the rectum, there was a biopsy. In two groups, the pain score was assessed twice when vas pain penetrated into the rectum, during the needle biopsy. The Beta endorphin concentration level was assessed through blood gathering 2 times in the Nuclear Medicine Labs before and after the test. Results: There was not much difference in pain levels from both groups when a microscope probe penetrated into the rectum and in the time when tissues were collected. However, the average overall pain level was reduced during those two procedures. The plasma beta endorphin level was increased in the TENS medicated group compared with the unmedicated group after the procedures were completed. Conclusion: The research indicates that TENS was desirable to be considered as a non-invasive method for controlling pain.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare visual analogue scale (VAS), pain threshold (PT), $%RMS_{RVC}$, and EMG gaps before and after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the upper trapezius muscle at the patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). The subjects were 4 men and 10 women composed of both the inpatients and outpatients who were diagnosed as MPS at Wonju Medical Center. VAS and PT measurements were performed to assess the subjective pain level. The reference voluntary contraction (RVC) test was performed for 15 seconds for normalization on the bilateral trapezius muscle using surface electromyography (sEMG). After 3-minute resting time, the EMG signal was recorded while performing a typing activity for 2 minutes and then TENS was applicated with a comfortable intensity for 10 minutes. The EMG activity of the upper trapezius muscle was recorded during typing for 2 minutes. The results of study were as follows: 1) VAS score was significantly decreased on the more painful side after treatment, however, it was not significantly different on the less painful side. 2) PT was increased after treatment on both sides, however, it was not significantly different between before and after the TENS application. 3) The EMG activity during typing was significantly decreased after treatment, and 4) The EMG gaps were significantly increased after TENS treatment compared to before it. Consequently, the study showed that TENS was effective in decreasing VAS, $%RMS_{RVC}$, and in increasing EMG gaps. The EMG gap analysis could be a useful method to measure pain in patients with MPS in the upper trapezius.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine a more effective method for shoulder pain reduction. Forty-five normal subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups a control group, an acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) group, and a silver spike point(SSP) group. Each person in the ALTENS and SSP groups was measured for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute treatment. The control group was also checked for pressure pain threshold before and after a 20 minute period but no "treatment" was given. The major findings were as follows ; 1)The ALTENS and SSP groups showed significant differences before and after treatment but the control group showed no significant difference. 2)When the three groups were compared, the only significant difference was between the SSP group and the control group. As mentioned above, it may be concluded that both ALTENS and SSP therapy were effective in reducing shoulder pain when measured directly after treatment. However, SSP did not show any superior effect. Further study should be done to determine the effective the maintained pain reduction with post-treatment time lapse.