• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.697-708
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on muscle metabolism and meat quality of pigs with and without pre-slaughter transportation. Methods: In a 43-day feeding experiment, a total of 160 pigs with an initial body weight 60.00±2.00 kg were randomly assigned into four groups in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Pigs in groups A and C were fed a basal diet and pigs in groups B and D were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% ELE. Pigs were slaughtered with (group B and D) or without (group A and C) pre-slaughter transport. Muscle chemical composition, postmortem glycolysis, meat quality and muscle metabolome were analyzed. Results: Dietary ELE supplementation had no effect on the proximate composition of porcine muscle, but increased free phenylalanine, proline, citruline, norvaline, and the total free amino acids in muscle. In addition, dietary ELE increased decanoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but decreased heptadecanoic acid, oleic acid, trans-oleic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle. Meat quality measurement demonstrated that ELE improved meat water holding capacity and eliminated the negative effects of pre-slaughter transport on meat cooking yield and tenderness. Dietary ELE reduced muscle glycolytic potential, inhibited glycolysis and muscle pH decline in the postmortem conversion of muscle to meat and increased the activity of citrate synthase in muscle. Metabolomics analysis by liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric showed that ELE enhanced muscle energy level, regulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, modulated glycogenolysis/glycolysis, and altered the metabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, purine, and pyrimidine. Conclusion: Dietary ELE improved meat quality and alleviated the negative effect of pre-slaughter transport on meat quality by enhancing muscle oxidative metabolism capacity and inhibiting glycolysis in postmortem muscle, which is probably involved its regulation of AMPK.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2022

Background: It has been reported that various substances exist in wild Conyza canadensis, but I think that the overall compositional analysis is still insufficient. Purposes: This study was to set extraction conditions and search for various nutritional components in the wild C. canadensis. Methods: Various extracts were extracted and analyzed using different analytical instruments to suggest and study the conditions for component analysis. Results: As for the general nutritional components of C. canadensis leaf extract, carbohydrates were 46.4%, crude protein 26.5%, moisture 16.3%, raw meal 9.5%, and natural fat 1.2%. The dietary fiber content was 30.76%. Free fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose were separated, and the amount of fructose was as high as 4,144.2 mg/100 g. In addition, we found 64.87 mg/g of K, 4.09 mg/g of P, 1.77 mg/g of Mg, and 0.16 mg/g of disodium in the extracts. A total of 20 fatty acids have appeared. In addition, unsaturated fatty acids (octadecenoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, and linolenic acid) were detected. Linolenic acid was high at 54.1%. The saturated fatty acid content was 0.39 g/100 g, and the trans fatty acid content was 0.01 g/100 g. No cholesterol was found in the plant. Riboflavin was at 0.4 mg/100 g, with six essential amino acids and 24 amino acids. Conclusions: As a result of the primary research on the plant, various nutritional and functional ingredients exist in the extract, and natural healing uses are available.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.255-259
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• 1983

This work was done in order to clarify the chemical characteristics, composition, fatty acid components and sterol components of the lipids from Urechis unicintus. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. The lipid content, iodine value and unsaponifiable matter of the total lipids are 1.89, 111, and $14.3\%$, respectively. 2. The main components of the total lipids are phospholipids $39.8\%$, free sterol $27.7\%$ and triglyceride $21.4\%$, and two unidentified fractions are detected. 3. The main fatty acids of total lipids are $C_{20:4}(19.4\%),\;C_{16:0}(13.7\%),\;C_{20:1}(11.3\%)\;and\;C_{18:1}(10.4\%)$ 4. Sterols found are Cholesterol($57.6\%$), Brassicasterol(?)($20.3\%$), 24-methylenecholesterol ($17.7\%$),22-dehydrocholesterol($3.0\%$)and 22.trans-24-norcholesta-5,22-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol(?)$1.4\%$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.597-605
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• 2018

Acyl-CoA oxidases (ACOXs) play important roles in lipid metabolism, including peroxisomal fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation by the conversion of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica can utilize fatty acids as a carbon source and thus has extensive biotechnological applications. The crystal structure of ACOX3 from Y. lipolytica (YlACOX3) was determined at a resolution of $2.5{\AA}$. It contained two molecules per asymmetric unit, and the monomeric structure was folded into four domains; $N{\alpha}$, $N{\beta}$, $C{\alpha}1$, and $C{\alpha}2$ domains. The cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide was bound in the dimer interface. The substrate-binding pocket was located near the cofactor, and formed at the interface between the $N{\alpha}$, $N{\beta}$, and $C{\alpha}1$ domains. Comparisons with other ACOX structures provided structural insights into how YlACOX has a substrate preference for short-chain acyl-CoA. In addition, the structure of YlACOX3 was compared with those of medium- and long-chain ACOXs, and the structural basis for their differences in substrate specificity was discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the supplementation effects of $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil or $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil (7% of total diet, DM basis) for 12 weeks on plasma metabolites, fatty acid profile, in vitro lipogenesis, and activities of LPL and FAS in adipose tissue of sheep. The treatments were basal diet (Control), $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil supplemented diet (SO-D) and $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil supplemented diet (PO-D). All the sheep were fed the diets consisting of roughage to concentrate in the ratio of 40:60 (DM basis). Oil supplemented diets (SO-D and PO-D) slightly increased contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), proportions of both cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 CLA and TVA, but lowered (p<0.01) those of $C_{18:0}$ compared to the control diet. No differences were observed in the contents of TG and TC and proportions of fatty acids in plasma between supplemented oils. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the proportions of cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 types of CLA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of sheep compared to the control diet. The rate of lipogenesis with acetate was higher (p<0.01) for intermuscular- and subcutaneous adipose tissues than that for intramuscular adipose tissue, while that with glucose did not differ among fat locations in sheep fed SO-D. No differences were observed in the rate of lipogenesis between substrates in all fat locations. The rates of lipogenesis with glucose increased only in the intermuscular- (p<0.01) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.005) compared to those with acetate. The rates of lipogenesis with acetate were the highest in the intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue of the sheep fed PO-D. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the rate of lipogenesis with glucose for all fat locations. Supplementation of oils to the diet numerically increased the fatty acid synthase activity but did not affect the lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.540-546
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• 2007

Bakery food items distributed in Chung-cheong province Daejeon, Cheonan, and Cheongju) were studied to determine their contents of total crude fat and trans fatty acids (TFA). After fat extraction by the Folch method, methylation was carried out to analyze the fatty acid compositions by GC, using a SP-2560 column and flame ionization detector. The total fat contents of the foods were in the approximate range of 2$\sim$34%. The total fat contents of the items were as follows: whipping cream cake : 0.03$\sim$1.31 (g/100 g food), pastries = 0.21$\sim$2.64 (g/100 g food), cream puff = 0.09$\sim$0.43 (g/100 g food), croquette = 0.22$\sim$1.99 (g/100 g food), and glutinous rice doughnut = 0.03$\sim$0.38 (g/100 g food).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1504-1512
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• 2009

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT) processing of diets containing extruded soybean (ESB) in high quantity on milk fat production, metabolic responses, and the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA). Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to either normal concentrate or HTMT treated diets containing ESB (7.5% HTMT-ESB and 15% HTMT-ESB). It was hypothesized that the HTMT-ESB would affect the undegradable fatty acids in the rumen and, thus, would modify the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Both 7.5% and 15% HTMT-ESB did not affect milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and solid-not-fat (SNF), but the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was significantly increased by these treatments. Content of TVA in milk fat was not affected by HTMT-ESB. The HTMT-ESB influenced the fatty acid profile in milk fat, but there was little difference between 7.5% and 15% of supplementation. HTMT-ESB feeding significantly decreased the concentration of plasma insulin and glucose, while plasma growth hormone (GH), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and HDLcholesterol were increased by 7.5% and 15% ESB-HTMT supplementation in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-cholesterol, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, T3, T4, and leptin concentrations among treatments (p>0.05). The present results showed that cis-9, trans-11 CLA production was increased by HTMT treatment of dietary ESB without reduction of milk fat, and the unchanged milk fat and yield was assumed to be associated with the constant level of thyroid hormones, leptin, and IGF-1.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2013

To produce biodiesel efficiently from fish oil containing 4% free fatty acid, esterification and trans-esterification were carried out with Vietnam catfish oil, which was kindly provided from GS-bio company. Heterogeneous solid acid catalysts such as Amberlyst-15 and Amberlyst BD-20 and sulfuric acid as homogeneous acid catalyst were used for the esterification of free fatty acids in the fish oil. Sulfuric acid showed the highest removal efficiency of free fatty acid and the shortest reaction time among three acid catalysts. The base catalysts for trans-esterification such as KOH, $NaOCH_3$ and NaOH were compared with each other and KOH was determined to be the best transesterification catalyst. Some solid material, which assumed to be saponified product from glycerol and biodiesel, were observed to form in the fish oil biodiesel when using $NaOCH_3$ and NaOH as the transesterification catalyst. The initial acid value of fish oil was proven to have a negative effect on biodiesel conversion. Of the three catalysts, KOH catalyst transesterification was shown to have high content of FAME and the optimal ratio of methanol/oil ratio was identified to be 9:1.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

The seeds from two mulberry fruits [Morus alba (MA) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT)] were examined for their oil content, and fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol compositions and contents. Moreover, polyphenolic compounds and biological activity of the two defatted seed residue extracts were also evaluated. Oil contents of MA and CT seeds were 29.36% and 16.69%, respectively, while MeOH extracts of the defatted MA and CT seed residues were 5.10% and 6.22%, respectively. The two seed oils were composed of 81.4 and 74.37% linoleic, 5.75 and 11.39% oleic, 8.40 and 10.18% palmitic acid, and 3.52 and 3.0% stearic acids, and two other minor fatty acids, such as linolenic and arachidic acids. MA seed had higher contents of phytosterols (507.59 mg/100 g of oil), tocopherols (99.64 mg/100 g of oil), and total flavonoid (106.50 mg/100 g of seed) than CT seed, whereas CT seed had higher levels of total polyphenol than MA seed. The MeOH extract of MA seed residue showed higher antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic activity than that of CT seed residue. trans-Resveratrol (9.62 mg/100 g), quercetin (54.83 mg/100 g), and 4-prenylmoracin (48.70 mg/100 g), were found to be the main polyphenolic components in the MeOH extract of MA seed residue. These results indicate that MA seeds are good sources of essential dietary phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.205-209
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• 1995

Edible hardened soybean oil is processed by hydrogenation of refined soybean oil in order to upgrade the heat and oxidation stability and to improve flavor and physical nature. This study aims to investigate the influences of various reaction conditions on iodine value, fatty acid composition and trans isomer formation in hydrogenating soybean oil. In case that hardening temperature is $180^{\circ}C$, trans acid formation increased by 6.2 times more under $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ than under $0.5{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$, while linolenic acid decreased in contents. In case of $200^{\circ}C$ of hardening temperature trans acid formation showed 4.6% higher under $0.5{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ than under $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ while contents of linolenic and linoleic acids showed 0.51% and 2.5% lower respectively. It is concluded that $200^{\circ}C$ of hardening temperature under 0.5 and $3.0{\;}kg/cm^{2}H_{2}$ is better condition because trans isomers are little produced, and iodine value and linolenic acid content decreased in hardening soybean oil.