• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1712-1720
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of the amount of body condition loss in the dry period and early lactation in 42 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows on milk yield and the share of fatty acids in milk fat. Energy reserves were estimated based on the body condition scoring (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT). Milk yield and milk composition were determined over 305-d lactation. From d 6 to 60 of lactation, the concentrations of 43 fatty acids in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography. Cows were categorized based on body condition loss from the beginning of the dry period to the lowest point of the BCS curve in early lactation into three groups: low condition loss group (L) ${\leq}0.5$ points (n = 14); moderate condition loss group (M) 0.75 to 1.0 points (n = 16) and high condition loss group (H) >1.0 points (n = 12). Cows whose body energy reserves were mobilized at 0.8 BCS and 11 mm BFT, produced 12,987 kg ECM over 305-d lactation, i.e. 1,429 kg ECM more than cows whose BCS and BFT decreased by 0.3 and 5 mm, respectively. In group H, milk yield reached 12,818 kg ECM at body fat reserve mobilization of 1.3 BCS and 17 mm BFT. High mobilization of body fat reserves led to a significant (approx. 5%) increase in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids-MUFA (mostly $C_{18:1}$ cis-9, followed by $C_{18:1}$ trans-11), a significant decrease in the levels of fatty acids adversely affecting human health, and a drop in the content of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in milk fat. In successive weeks of lactation, an improved energy balance contributed to a decrease in the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and an increase in the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2022

배경: 야생 망초에는 다양한 물질들이 존재하는 것으로 일부가 보고되었으나 전체적인 성분분석은 아직 미흡하다고 생각한다. 목적: 본 연구에서는 야생 망초에서 항산화 물질 및 다양한 영양성분에 대하여 추출조건을 설정하고 검색하는 것이 목적이었다. 방법: 망초 추출물을 다양하게 추출하여 다양한 분석기기를 활용하여 성분분석의 조건을 제시하고 분석하였다. 결과: 망초 추출물의 일반영양성분에서는 탄수화물이 46.4%, 조단백질 26.5%, 수분 16.3%, 조회분 9.5%, 조지방 1.2% 순이었다. 식용섬유 함량은 30.76%이었다. 유리당은 fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose가 분리되었고, fructose의 함량이 4,144.2 mg/100 g으로 높았다. 무기성분 분석에서는 K가 64.87 mg/g, P가 4.09 mg/g, Mg이 1.77 mg/g, Na이 나트륨이 0.16 mg/g이 확인되었다. 지방산은 모두 20종이 확인되었으며, 불포화지방산은 octadecenoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, linolenic acid 가 함유하였고, linolenic acid가 54.1%로 높았다. 포화지방산 함량은 0.39 g/100g 이었고, 트랜스지방산 함량은 0.01 g/100g이었다. 망초에서는 콜레스테롤은 확인하지 못하였다. riboflavin이 0.4 mg/100g, 필수 아미노산 6종과 24종의 아미노산을 확인하였다. 결론: 망초 추출물에는 다양한 영양성분과 기능성 성분이 존재하여 이를 이용한 자연치유적 활용성이 기대 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1425-1429
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• 2005

Megaspahera elsdenii YJ-4, which was previously isolated as a producer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA, was studied for its carbon source on the CLA production. M. elsdenii YJ-4, was incubated with glucose and lactose, and cultured in batch and continuous culture systems with linoleic acid at various pHs to investigate CLA production. Batch cultures of the ruminal bacterium, M. elsdenii YJ-4, were resistant to stearic acid and linoleic acid, and little growth inhibition was observed even when the fatty acid concentration in the culture was as much as 4 mg $ml^{-1}$. Stationary phase batch cultures (0.25 mg bacterial protein $ml^{-1}$) that had been grown on lactate and incubated with linoleic acid (0.20 mg $ml^{-1}$) produced approximately 12 ${\mu}g$ trans-10, cis-12 CLA mg $protein^{-1}$ and little cis-9, trans-11 CLA was detected. Some linoleic acid was converted to hydrogenated products (chiefly stearic acid), but these fatty acids were less than 5 ${\mu}g$ mg bacterial $protein^{-1}$. Stationary phase batch cultures that had been grown on glucose produced at least 3-fold less trans-10, cis-12 CLA than ones grown on lactate. Cells from lactate-limited continuous cultures produced less trans-10, cis-12 CLA than those from batch culture, but only if the pH was greater than 6.4. When the pH of the lactate-limited continuous cultures was lower than 6.4, trans-10, cis-12 CLA and hydrogenated products declined. Cells from glucose-limited continuous cultures produced less trans-10, cis-12 CLA and hydrogenated products than the cells that had been limited by lactate, but pH had little impact on this production. These results support the idea that M. elsdenii YJ-4 could be one of the major producers of trans-10, cis-12 CLA which causes cows to produce milk with a low fat content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2003

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of various tissues were studied in young chicks. From 7 days of age, a total of 160 chicks were divided into 4 groups, placed into 4 pens per group (10 birds per pen) and fed one of four experimental diets containing 6% tallow (TO 6%), 4% tallow plus 2% CLA (TO 4%-CLA 2%), 2% tallow plus 4% CLA (TO 2%-CLA 4%) or 6% CLA (CLA 6%) for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in growth performances and the relative weights of various organs, but relative liver weight of chicks fed dietary CLA at 4 and 6% levels was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of TO 6% group. The chemical compositions of leg muscle were not affected by CLA feeding. However, hepatic total lipid of chicks fed 6% CLA diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% and TO 4%-CLA 2% groups. The concentrations of various lipid fractions in serum were not affected by CLA feeding. With the increase in dietary CLA levels, cis 9-trans 11 CLA, trans 10-cis 12 CLA and total CLA of leg muscle increased linearly. The relative proportions of C18:1 $\omega$ -9 and C20:4 $\omega$-6 fatty acids in the leg muscles of chicks fed the CLA containing diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% group. These results indicate that the levels of CLA isomers were increased linearly in dose-dependent manner after feeding of synthetic CLA source. But it was also observed that excessive amount of dietary CLA resulted in the possible adversely effects, such as increase of liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation and serum GOT level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.752-760
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• 2008

One liter stirred-tank batch reactor에서 기질들의 부피 비율을 1:2:7(fully hydrogenated soybean oil : SL-olive+CLA : palm oil)하고 RM IM lipase를 사용하여 CLA를 함유한 재구성 지질을 합성하였다. 합성된 재구성지질은 총 CLA를 7.6 area% 함유하였고, 주요 지방산 조성은 oleic acid (38.1 area%), palmitic acid(33.1 area%), stearic acid(12.2area%) 및 linoleic acid(7.3 area%)로 분석되었으며 트랜스지방산은 분석한계 미만(0.1 area%)으로 검출되었다. Reversed-phase(RP) HPLC 분석 결과, 재구성 지질의 TAG 형태는 PN=44(1.52 area%), PN=46(21.79 area%), PN=48(53.71 area%) 및 PN=50(11.1 area%)의 범위로 나타내었다. 합성된 지질의 토코페롤 함량을 분석한 결과는 ${\alpha}$, ${\gamma}$-토코페롤이 각각 4.7, 1.0 mg/100 g로 반응기질보다 감소하였고, 이의 산가, 비누화가, 요오드가의 측정 결과는 각각 0.4, 173.9, 59.0이었다. 재구성 지질의 융점은 세 개의 피크를 보이며 각각 8.7, 25.3 및 $40.9^{\circ}C$으로 나타났고 결정화점은 각각 0.7, $18.2^{\circ}C$로 분석되었다. 또한 고체지 함량은 31.8%($25^{\circ}C$), 22.3%($30^{\circ}C$), 13.9%($35^{\circ}C$)를 나타내어 상업적인 쇼트닝과 유사한 물성을 보였다. 재구성 지질의 녹는점은 $39.8^{\circ}C$로 측정되었고, hardness value는 63.8 g로 분석되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1734-1742
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• 2011

본 실험에서는 들기름에 약 60%로 존재하는 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid를 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 이용하여 CLnA(conjugated linolenic acid)와 CLA(conjugated linoleic acid)를 생산하고자 하였다. 들기름을 가수분해한 뒤에 10분에서 6시간까지의 반응시간과 5%에서 60%까지의 NaOH 농도에서 CLnA와 CLA의 생성을 표준물질과 함께 GC와 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 확인하였다. 시간에 따른 CLnA와 CLA 함량 변화는 나타나지 않았으나, NaOH 농도가 증가함에 따라서 CLnA와 CLA가 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반응조건 중, 20% KOH, $180^{\circ}C$, 1시간 반응에서 14.5%와 14%의 CLnA와 CLA의 함량을 나타냈으며, 42.2%의 C18:3 conjugated 이성질체가 생성되었다. 이성질체를 확인하기 위해 GC-MS 그리고 FT-IR을 이용한 실험을 수행하였다. GC-MS의 ion peak 분석 결과, conjugated 형태에서만 특징적으로 나타나는 m/z=91 ion peak를 확인할 수 있었고, CLA와 CLnA의 분자량이 C18:2와 C18:3과 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 NIST Library에서 검색된 methyl 9c, 11t-CLA, methyl 10t, 12c-CLA와 methyl 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-octadecatrienoate의 결과와 일치하는 ion peak를 형성하였다. 이 외의 이성질체는 FT-IR 분석 결과, 높은 trans fatty acid 함량을 보여 알칼리 이성질화 반응 시, $180^{\circ}C$의 높은 열에 반응을 하여 trans 형태의 conjugated form이 다량 생성된 것으로 사료된다. conjugated 이성질체의 생성 양을 높이기 위해 들기름 가수분해물을 우레아 분별을 한 뒤에, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid의 함량을 70%까지 높인 뒤에 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 수행한 결과 CLnA의 생성 양이 16.6%까지 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 CLnA 이외의 conjugated 지방산 함량의 변화는 없었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.255-259
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• 1983

개불지질의 성상을 밝힐 목적으로 그 지방산조성 및 sterols 조성에 대하여 분석 검토 하였는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 조지질과 부검화물함량은 각각 $1.9\%,\;14.3\%$였으며, 요오드값은 111이었다. (2) 조지질의 조성은 인지질이 $39.8\%$, 유리 sterols이 $27.7\%$, triglyceride가 $21.4\%$였다. (3) 지방산조성은 $C_{20:4}$가 $19.4\%$로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:1},\;C_{18:1}$이 각기 $13.7\%,\;11.3\%,\;10.4\%$였으며 또 polyene산 monene 산 및 포화산으로 계산하면 각각 $39.7\%,\;31.9\%$ 및 $26.6\%$였다. (4) 5종의 sterols이 검출되었는데 cholesterol이 $57.6\%$로 가장 많았고 다음이 brassicasterol이 $20.3\%$, 24-methylene cholesterol of $17.7\%$, 22-dehydro cholesterol of $3.0\%$, 22-trans-24-norcholesta-5,22-dien-3-${\beta}$-ol 이 $1.4\%$였다.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] oil is versatile and used in many products. Modifying the fatty acid profile would make soy oil more functional in food and other products. The ideal oil with the most end uses would have saturates(palmitic + stearic acids) reduced from 15 to < 7%, oleic acid increased from 23 to > 55%, and linolenic acid reduced from 8 to < 3%. Reduced palmitic acid(16:0) is conditioned by three or more recessive alleles at the Fap locus. QTLs for reduced palmitic acid have mapped to linkage groups(LGs) A1, A2, B2, H, J, and L. Genes at the Fad locus control oleic acid content(18:1). Six QTLs($R^2$=4-25%) for increased 18:1 in N00-3350(50 to 60% 18:1) explained four to 25% of the phenotypic variation. M23, a Japanese mutant line with 40 to 50% 18:1 is controlled by a single recessive gene, ol. A candidate gene for FAD2-1A can be used in marker-assisted breeding for high 18:1 from M23. Low linolenic acid(18:3) is desirable in soy oil to reduce hydrogenation and trans-fat accumulation. Three independent recessive genes affecting omega-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme activity are responsible for the lower 18:3 content in soybeans. Linolenic acid can be reduced from 8 to about 4, 2, and 1% from copies of one, two, or three genes, respectively. Using a candidate gene approach perfect markers for three microsomal omega-3 desaturase genes have been characterized and can readily be used in for marker assisted selection in breeding for low 18:3.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2010

The seeds from two mulberry fruits [Morus alba (MA) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT)] were examined for their oil content, and fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol compositions and contents. Moreover, polyphenolic compounds and biological activity of the two defatted seed residue extracts were also evaluated. Oil contents of MA and CT seeds were 29.36% and 16.69%, respectively, while MeOH extracts of the defatted MA and CT seed residues were 5.10% and 6.22%, respectively. The two seed oils were composed of 81.4 and 74.37% linoleic, 5.75 and 11.39% oleic, 8.40 and 10.18% palmitic acid, and 3.52 and 3.0% stearic acids, and two other minor fatty acids, such as linolenic and arachidic acids. MA seed had higher contents of phytosterols (507.59 mg/100 g of oil), tocopherols (99.64 mg/100 g of oil), and total flavonoid (106.50 mg/100 g of seed) than CT seed, whereas CT seed had higher levels of total polyphenol than MA seed. The MeOH extract of MA seed residue showed higher antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic activity than that of CT seed residue. trans-Resveratrol (9.62 mg/100 g), quercetin (54.83 mg/100 g), and 4-prenylmoracin (48.70 mg/100 g), were found to be the main polyphenolic components in the MeOH extract of MA seed residue. These results indicate that MA seeds are good sources of essential dietary phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic activity.