• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.751-758
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• 1997

Fifty three microbes, mainly fungal genera, were isolated from sixteen Mejus of different region. From those collected isolates, Meju was manufactured and assayed for the activities of amylase and protease. Correlations between sensory evaluation and color measurement were investigated with Kanjang (soy sauce) prepared by each pure inoculation. Color of Kanjang was quite various depedning on fungal genera, but the taste was not quite related with the activity of amylase or protease. This fact might mean that taste of Kanjang depended on the complicate mechanistic action of enzyme for the substrate involved in the soybean hydrolysis. Thus, the taste of Kanjang origenated from Korean traditional Meju seems to belong to complex flora of participated fungal genera as well as Bacillus. sp.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제23권2호통권73호
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• pp.161-175
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• 1995

메주는 간장과 된장의 원료로 우리나라의 식물성 단백질인 조선 전통식품으로 중요하다. 조선 전통식으로 농가에서 만들어진 23종류의 메주덩어리를 수거하여, 29종의 균과 한 종의 세균을 채집하여 동정하였다. 이러한 중에서 다만 몇개의 미생물만이 메주발효과정에 작용하는 것을 발견하였고, 나머지 미생물은 메주발효에서 잘못 발효로 일어나는 오염 미생물로 밝혀졌다. 메주발효과정에서는 물리적인 변화로 건조과정(수분활성도)과 열방생과정이 메주발효 중에 일어나며, 이러한 과정이 미생물(대부분의 경우 메주 표면에서는 균)의 천이를 유도시켜 메주의 생화학적인 변화를 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 균의 천이 과정에서 수분이 많았을 때는 물곰팡이인 접합균이 첨 서식한 것이 발견되었으며, 메주발효를 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 흰포자를 방출하는 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis는 메주표면에서 고초세균인 Bacillus megatrium와 함께 후기 발열반응과정에서 발견되고 있었다. 미생물들이 분비하는 단백질 분해효소에 관한 조사에서, 각각의 미생물들은 콩 단백질 분해에 서로 상호보안적인 역할을 하였다. 또한, 접합균들은 조선 전통의 메주발효과정에서 후기 메주발효를 유도하는 중요한 균으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.397-406
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• 2011

메주의 산업화를 위해, 종균으로서는 A. oryze와 A. sojae 그리고 B. subtilis를 병용하고, 습도조절과 함께 $28^{\circ}C$에서 12일간 발효하면서 메주의 품질특성 변화를 조사하였다. 그리고 이들 종균 접종 메주와 순창 고추장 민속마을에서 입수한 된장용 전통메주의 효소 활성도를 비교하였다. 즉, A. oryzae를 접종한 메주(=AO메주), A. oryze와 B. subtilis를 접종한 메주(AOBS메주), A. sojae를 접종한 메주(=AS메주), A. sojae와 B. subtilis를 접종한 메주(=ASBS메주)를 12일 동안 발효시키면서 메주별로 품질 변화를 관찰하였다. 세균수와 곰팡이수는 각각 발효초기 6.48~6.69 log cfu/g, 5.00~5.71 log cfu/g에서 발효 2일에 8 log cfu/g 이상, 6 log cfu/g 이상으로 증가한 후 발효 12일 까지 세균수는 유지되었고, 곰팡이수는 감소 경향을 보였다. 아미노태 질소 함량은 발효 2일에 430.5~577.5 mg% 범위를 나타내었다. 중성 protease 활성도는 전통메주 $1,258.0{\pm}38.8$, AS메주 $1,238.3{\pm}38.6$, AO메주 $1,204.1{\pm}24.1$, ASBS메주 $1,040.6{\pm}10.6$, AOBS메주 $1,033.5{\pm}11.2$ unit/g순으로 나타났다. 산성 protease활성도는 AO메주 $1,030.1{\pm}19.1$, 전통메주 $1007.7{\pm}30.5$, AS메주 $990.9{\pm}25.0$, AOBS메주 $910.9{\pm}15.3$, ASBS메주 $888.2{\pm}15.7$ unit/g 순이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.278-285
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• 1996

We identified volatile components of traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste which had been manufactured with the same traditional Meju with a view to improving the quality of traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste. All of the volatile components were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction (SDE) apparatus. To obtain more detailed information, whole volatile components were separated into fractions. The volatile components of the whole and of each fraction were identified by GC-mass and Kovat's retention index. Sixty two and eighty six components were identified in traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste, respectively. Many aroma components of traditional Korean soy sauce differ from those of traditional Korean soybean paste. It was confirmed that many aroma components of traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste are completely different from those of Japanese fermented soy sauce (Shoyu) and soybean paste (Miso).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.549-554
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• 2006

To standardize a manufacturing method and improve the quality of traditional kochujang, eight-types of meju with different shapes (brick, grain) were prepared using Aspergillus oryzae (A.o) or Aspergillus sojae (A.s) alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis (B.s). The physicochemical characteristics and enzyme activities of the various meju were compared during fermentation for 12 days at $28^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of both the brick- and grain-shaped meju were gradually decreased from an initial content of 50.47 to 54.89% to a content of 12.91 to 16.25% on day 12 of fermentation. The neutral protease activities of the brick-shaped meju ranged from $1.19{\pm}0.12$ to $1.25{\pm}0.28\;unit/mL$, and were similar for all treatments. The ${\alpha}$-amylase activities in A.s+B.s treatment of brick-shaped and grain-shaped meju were the highest, $11{\pm}0.6$ and $9{\pm}0.7\;unit/mL$, respectively. The ${\beta}$-amylase activities ranged from $1.53{\pm}0.01$ to $1.56{\pm}0.02\;unit/mL$, and were similar for all treatments. The amino type nitrogen content of A.o+B.s brick-shaped meju was the highest, $0.39{\pm}0.03%$. We confirmed that the brick-shaped meju prepared with A. oryzae and B. subtilis could be used to prepare traditional kochujang to improve the quality of the product.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

Typical characteristics of Mejus must be understood to get the basic data for setting up mass production system of traditional fermented soybean products. One hundred and twenty one Mejus were collected from various places and analyed. Most of shapes were rectangular and some were spherical, conical, cylindrical and doughnut types. The weight of Mejus was 0.4~4.2kg. Chemical analysis showed: moisture content, 9.73~58.22% ; pH, 4.95~8.15; acidity, 0.6~3.8% ; soluble protein content, 4.45~12.31%; soluble sugar content, 0.82~10.95%. Enzyme assay showed: $\alpha$-amylase activity, 5.0~874.2 units/g; $\beta$-amylase activity, 0.02~27.74units/g; acidic protease activity, 31.3~225.1unts/g; lipase activity 1.0~53.0units/g. Total viable cells were 3.72$\times$107~1.35$\times$1010cfu/g, and yeast and mold count 6.46$\times$104~8.91$\times$106cfu/g. respectively. $\alpha$-Amylase activity of a traditional Meju from Incheon showed the highest activity of 732.8 units/g(interior section) and 823.2units/g (exterior section). $\beta$-Amylase activity was the highest{3.57 units/g (interior sectin) and 4.25units/g (exterior section)} in Meju from Chunbuk. Acidic protease activity was the highest in sample from Seoul, whereas traditional Meju from Kyongnam showed the highest activity of 21.5units/g(interior section) and 37.5units/g(exterior sectin).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.670-676
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• 2016

서기 530년부터 1950년까지의 고조리서 32권에 수록된 장 만드는 방법 중 메주 만드는 방법을 언급한 225가지 중 재료의 가열방법, 메주의 형태, 메주를 띄우는데 사용하는 용기, 덮개 및 깔개를 분석하였다. 그 결과 전통 메주의 콩이나 전분질의 가열 방법은 찌기 57가지, 삶기 58가지, 볶아 삶기 21가지, 밥짓기 2가지의 순으로 나타났다. 메주의 형태는 알 41가지, 구형 27가지, 덩어리 22가지, 칼자루형 8가지, 납작형 6가지, 쪼가리형 4가지, 구멍형 1가지, 사각형 1가지의 순으로 나타났다. 고추장 메주 72가지 중 콩 가열 방법은 삶기 9가지, 찌기 6가지의 순이었고, 전분질의 가열방법은 떡찌기 19가지, 밥 짓기 11가지, 익반죽 삶기 5가지의 순으로 나타났다. 콩메주 띄우는 용기는, 가마니 섬 섶 49가지, 독 5가지, 둥구미 멱서리 14가지, 온돌 11가지, 소쿠리 채반 광주리 7가지, 독 5가지, 흙도랑 4가지, 시루 오쟁이 3가지, 바가지 2가지, 시루 2가지, 용수 1가지의 순으로 나타났다. 메주 띄우기용 덮개나 깔개는 짚 36가지, 닥나무잎 17가지, 멍석 거적 자리 15가지, 쑥 14가지, 솔잎 11가지, 콩잎 10가지, 도꼬마리잎 6가지, 북나무잎 6가지, 보릿짚 6가지, 뽕잎 6가지, 가랑잎 5가지, 띠풀 5가지, 삿자리 4가지, 헝겊 3가지, 개오동나무잎 2가지, 갈잎 1가지의 순으로 나타났다. 매달기는 5가지 밖에 없었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the changes in microflora and enzyme activities of traditional kochujang meju during fermentation for 60 days. The pH of meju decreased continously up to 40 days of aging and then increased slightly thereafter, while the change in titratable acidity showed the opposite trend to that of pH. The viable cell count of aerobic bacteria increared gradually for up to 40 days of fermentation and then decreased slightly thereafter, while that of molds and yeasts showed a rapid increase up to 40 days of fermentation and then leveled off. ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity increased slightly for up to 40 days of meju fermentation and then stabilized. On the other hand, ${\beta}-amylase$ and glucoamylase activities did not show a significant change for up to 20 days of fermentation and then increased rapidly at 40th day of fermentation. Acidic, neutral and alkaline protease activities increased sharply up to 40 days of aging and then decreased significently at 60th day of fermentation. These results suggest that meju fermented for 40 days had the highest quality in terms of the number of microflora and enzyme activity.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.640-650
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• 2013

Soy sauce, a basic ingredient in Asian cuisine, is made of fermented soybeans, salt, water, and barley or wheat flour. The sensory characteristics of soy sauce are not only determined through its main ingredients but also by various flavor compounds produced during the fermentation process. This study was conducted to identify the sensory attributes of five different commercial soy sauce samples that differ in Meju types (traditional Meju or modified Meju) and usage types. Thirty three sensory attributes, including appearance (1), odor (16), flavor (14), and mouthfeel (2) attributes, were generated and evaluated by eight trained panelists. The collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance and principal component analysis. There were significant differences in the intensities of all sensory attributes among the soy sauce samples. Soy sauce made with traditional Meju had high intensity of fermented fish, beany, musty odors and salt, Cheonggukjang, fermented fish flavors. Whereas two soy sauces made with modified Meju were strong in alcohol, sweet, Doenjang, roasted soybean flavors. Two soy sauces for soup made with modified Meju had medium levels of briny, sulfury, fermented odors and bitter, chemical flavors and biting mouthfeel characteristic.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2001

Red mold was isolated from meju prepared by traditional mtehod and characterized. The isolated red mold grew well on potato dextrose agar medium, In microscopic observation, it had a septum in mycelium and ellipsoidal spore. Optimal temperature and pH for growth were 30$\^{C}$ and 6.0, respectively. Enzyme activities such as protease, a-amylase and glucoamulase in ted mold were lower than those in Aspergillus oryzae. A competitive growth between red mold and Asp. oryzae was greatly affecten by cultivation temperature. The growth of isolated red mold on meju was predominant at below 30$\^{C}$ as compared with Asp. oryzae.