• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2009

Aiming at finding symbolistic meanings and characteristics of makeup in Chinese Beijing Opera("BO"), this study formulated a theoretical framework mainly from literature in the Symbolism and symbolistically analyzed materials related to BO makeup from literature, internet web pages and illustrated news concerning performing arts. Main objects to analyze are the characteristics of four main roles in BO and the patterns, symbols, ornaments and traditions of Beijing Opera facial makeup("BOFM"). Four main roles are Sheng, Tan, Ching and Chou, categorized by gender, age, social position and personality. The result to analyze symbolistic meanings and characteristics of makeups for the roles in BO are as follows: the patterns and colors of BOFM function as explanations to help audiences understand each role's personality and dramatic situations as well as provide hints about the development and ending of an opera: that is, BO makeup is a communicative intermediary between audiences and actors in BO. It tends to follow the stereotypes, which conventionally dress and exaggerate the characters of roles, and copy the traditional Chinese perception about colors. Thus, by the metaphysical and typical expression of BOFM, Chinese people have not been pursuing the realism in opera but applying BO makeup to a mutual communication method between audiences and performing artists as to share their collective cultural heritages and spirits. Threfore, BO makeup has been an interacting language between the two entities and grown within the history of BO as a beauty art to highlight a BO by its unique systems, ornaments and beauty.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.5 s.83
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• pp.69-87
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• 2006

This article attempts to explore how the women retirees under study were able to continue work until retirement. This study used life histories, especially focusing on daily working lives, and uncovered a number of key issues through in-depth interviews. The main results are as follows: Firstly, the women retirees examined here had been raised as highly educated people, and their strong educational background was a base component for them to have relatively secure careers. Their parents had also supported practically the women retirees during their working lives. In addition, the women retirees had to can out the roles of 'provider' for their original families, procreation families or in-law families, even though they were not given the recognized roles of provider. Secondly, the women retirees had a private infra system to support them with housework and child care. In addition, because they were financially able to employ housemaids, the women retirees did not experience conflicts with their husbands, who took on a neo-traditional sex role. Finally, thanks to relatively good working conditions such as having vacations and being able to come to and leave the office on time, the women retirees were able to continue work until retirement no mean feat in a society which openly practiced gender discrimination.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.493-507
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• 2016

This study aims to examine the representations of elders in reality shows focusing on gender disparity by employing a textual analysis and audience interviews. According to findings, as for elderly men, various images are presented while as for elderly women, traditional gender images are mainly reproduced. In the audience reception, the audiences' understanding of genres and their preexisting gender perceptions have important roles on their interpretations in the ways of producing gender discriminated meanings.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2019

Purpose : Using qualitative research and a phenomenological approach, the present study aimed to explore men's experiences of becoming a nurse. We posed the question "What has been your experience of becoming a nurse?" Methods : Eleven male nurses from three regions in Korea were selected through convenience sampling. The protocol suggested by Colaizzi was used for data analysis. Results : The principal themes were "Challenging to the stochastic stereotype of gender mechanics," "Floating outside the enclosure of multiple groups," "The male nurse's conceptualization of nursing organizations," "To stand with self-doubt, thinking of it as a stopover," and "Situations encountered by a male nurse." Conclusion : Men experience gender discrimination based on the social roles that are imposed on males and females both at school and in the workplace. They prefer to work where they have more diverse tasks that require quick responses. However, most male nurses adapt to this work by outlasting the difficulties. These nurses become accustomed to their tasks, and satisfied with their mature work performance. They often feel they are not adequately compensated for their work. They may judge the future as uncertain, and have lingering doubts about maintaining their positions, ultimately gravitating toward specialized fields that promise a brighter future and are more consistent with traditional gender expectations.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.27
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• pp.291-317
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• 2012

Until now, the 'Ie' system, the distinct Japanese Family system, was dominantly recognized as the vestige of former feudal system. But as the research for gender-especially the family history-gets active, various aspects showing that 'Ie' is the modern product developed through thoroughly intended plans of Meiji government after latter-day. According to Ueno Chizuko, 'Ie' system is not at all a traditional feudal system, but it rather is the family revised by modernization, in other word, it is the Japanese version of modern family. This words began with it being the study of goodwill, and recognizing that 'Ie' is the creation of modernization, and as well as the need to listen to the new woman's inner voice under the Japanese patriarchal system. The most appealing characteristic of modern Japanese patriarchal system is that the it needs only the family members who are dedicated to the 'Nation'. With this, women were expected to submit to the authority and their roles, which are, as a wife and mother who obeys by supporting, preserving, and maintaining the patriarchal system. But as the new women themselves expressed their independence, these roles are hard to be expected. It was no other than new women's magazine Seito which arose against the Japanese patriarchal system. In this statement, careful observation was done on the novel based on tiny internal conflicts or the aspects of anguish, that could not have been illustrated enough after judging the significant issues of early modern liberalism of women based on new women's editorials, discussions, that were illustrated most directly and compressively. Through this, it was pointed out that Seito magazine is not consisted logically, and that reason for that is the female authors' different desires were tangled and it reflects the complicated situation of that period whether they were intended or not. Overall, unlike the literatures (men-centered) of same era, the genre of literature or the novel did not put them on prerogative place, and confirmation could be made once again that the women's writing aspects are related closely with gender recognition more than anything.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.141-162
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• 2009

"Brokeback Mountain" deals with the love story between two homosexuals named Ennis and Jack. They never do use the word 'homosexual' but instead 'love.' They hide their love into the closet. And they conform to socially constructed gender roles. It is because they recognize that social order has punished the homosexuals severely through history. Especially, Ennis fears the homophobic heterosexual gaze. Through his paranoia, this article examines the conventional contradictory social order causing by the tragic story that is the homosexual "closet phenomenon." Such a phenomenon has resulted from the traditional patriarchal family system that is the central unit of society. Conventionally, patriarchy consists of a dominant male and non-dominant female system, based on force. Sexuality has been constructed, experienced, and understood in culturally and historically specific ways. Homosexuality has been imaged conventionally as a female disguised as a man. As such, homosexuality would violate and break such a constructed system that keeps the sexual hierarchy through male dominant construction. As homosexual, ironically with macho gender personas, Ennis and Jack are social outsiders. Through this story, Proulx suggests the conventional fixed social order is contradictory and, therefore forces the readers to re-consider the world and ponder about the future.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.16-26
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• 2001

The object of this study is to reach a semiotics access in a specialized magazine advertisement, by emphasizing the advertisement, which uses eroticism. The main components of eroticism are voyeurism, narcissism, fetishism, masochism, and sadism. From the results of analyzing their impact on fashion magazine advertisements, which is limited in erotic expression, 'the women's gender role ideology' is mainstream. Especially, this is joined with a 'patriarch ideology' and the 'women's role ideology' on the view of feminism. It can be expressed erotic with 'traditional women's roles', 'rebelling against tradition', and a 'leading women role on sexuality'.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.65-87
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• 2015

This study has examined, first of all, one of unique characteristics of picturebook, so-called dual audience. To be more exact, this paper aimed at exploring the flexibility of picturebooks that allows both of children and adult reader to enjoy them. For this, we analysed Piggybook by Anthony Browne that so far has been read as a traditional picturebook with a single distinctive narrative rather than as a postmodern picturebook with multiple narratives, centering on paradox and irony. The results of this study were as fallows: Piggybook has the potential of multiple readings and meanings for a variety of audiences. Above all, this picturebook raises not only the question about the gender roles but also the one about representation of reality through the language.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.68-82
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• 1998

This study attempted to develop fundamental data of nursing intervention for Women's health improvement through literature review related to women's health. Women's health problems are focused in nursing because the quality of women's health influences on public health directly and indirectly. Especially women experience more stressors and mental disorders than men. This paper reviewed rationale of mental problems to understand Women's mental problems through various research paper analysis. As a result, it was found that women's mental problems as well as the health were affected by various factors and were connected with social, cultural elements closely. This result means that women are affected by social, economical, psychological states from gender unequality in this society. So to solve the women's mental problems, women have to be considered as human beings, women, mothers with multiple roles. And like Hwabyung, one of the women's mental problems related to Korean traditional culture, nursing needs to be done to solve the problem through cultural approach. To do this, nursing has to research negative effect as well as positive effect on women's mental health by modern culture which includes "Han" and traditional family culture. The multidisplinary, interdisplinary communication is important to develop nursing intervention and nursing must build a pertinent Korean women's mental health research system to improve a sociopolitical environment.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to examine young women's fashion and their values in South Korea in the 1970s and to explore the dynamics of how the changes in values affected fashion. Fifteen Korean women who were college students in the 1970s were interviewed. With industrialization and acculturation to Western customs in the 1970s, Korean women's fashion reflected the permeation of new ideas and behaviors into the culture. New ideas of 'pursuing a career' or 'gaining professional success' rooted in the women's movement were most important and were reflected in the prevalence of casual and comfortable styles. However, 'having a good husband and being a good wife' was also important. In addition to the transition in gender roles, Korea was fast moving from a collectivist to an individualistic society and underwent the process of melding traditional and newly-adopted values in their acculturation to the West. This study helps us better understand Korea's acculturation process through dress and the dynamics involved between fashion and value changes.