• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2023

Purpose - Korea became a trillion-dollar trading country in 2011. With the exponential increase in Korea's trade volume over the past decades, trade-related administrative burdens per capita for Korea Customs became enormous, for which the government established the Single Window, a trade-facilitating system, in 2004 to enhance the efficiency of customs-clearing procedures for traders. This paper focuses on finding whether the Korean Single Window system affects the country's trade facilitation positively through an empirical methodology. Design/methodology - To find empirical evidence that Single Window affects trade facilitation for the customs-clearing procedure, this study assumes that a time-efficient environment enables the handling of the increase in trade volume, under which four independent variables related to import customs-clearing procedures and two dependent variables to import were adopted for empirical analysis. The import customs procedures are classified into four steps from port entry to declaration acceptance. To understand the relationship between variables, scattered plots and correlation coefficients were calculated. Eight hypotheses were set and underwent simple linear regression. The data for analysis were collected by Korea Customs, and were about the lead time of import, the volume of imports in million USD, and the number of import declarations reported to customs offices on a monthly basis from 2005 to 2013. Findings - Six of the eight hypotheses showed the statistically significant result that lead time in the import customs-clearing procedure positively affects the number of import declaration reports and import volume. Specifically, Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 2, and Hypothesis 3 strongly support the assumption lead time in import customs declaration has an inverse relationship with the number of import declarations, which means that the shorter the import lead time, the more import declaration increases. Research Limitations/Implications - With limited data accessibility to the government's custom-sclearing procedures, only the import lead time for customs clearance were adopted as independent variables. This paper, however, successfully found that the Single Window system contributed to trade facilitation. Originality/value - This study found that the time-saving Single Window system of Korea Customs enables itself to manage an exponentially-increasing trade volume by creating a trade-facilitating environment for customs personnel and traders, which may be a unique implication found through quantitative methodology.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.155-174
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• 2010

In many cases, street vendors are means of living and/or a solution to unemployment for low income group. Street vendors have both of positive and negative effects on traditional market revitalization. This two-sided perspective of the vendors has produced different views of interests groups. In this study, the features of street vendors are examined to present related issues, and a survey result conducted on interests groups is presented to offer effective management measures. As traditional management about street vendors are focused on crackdown, relationship between street traders and government has been not very much mutually cooperative, and at times some traders organized groups who are against government policies. With the premise admitting street vendors as one element of distribution network, it is possible to access the management measures for street vendors in organizational, quantitative or qualitative perspectives. However, I believe it is not recommendable to enforce multi-perspective approach at a time. It is because street traders still have quite strong animosity against government policies. Therefore, serious misunderstanding and side-effects on our society could be brought if the government makes hasty and forcible attempts to legalize street vendors. In political position, overreaching actions of government could hardly produce positive results because policy making and its enforcement need each of timeliness. In a similar way, government's policies for street vendors need to come into effect gradually. Management measures for street vendors can come in short-, mid- and long-term. In short-term, government should try to reduce animosity of street traders along with minimizing institutional and political pressure on them. As a mid-term solution, plans to bring vendors over to institutional boundaries by improving them are required. Last but not least, in the long term, government should design policies which are to help street vendors settle down and maintain successfully in the boundaries. Besides, policies related to street vendors need to come in effect in a way that closely connected to interests groups and businesses because those policies would get involve many interests groups and businesses in diverse perspectives.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1996

Food-borne illnesses remain a world-wide public heath problem, Codex food standards, codes of practice and other guidelines protect consumers from unsafe food. Codex Alimentarius helps to reach this goal by combining consumer protection with food production and trade. Codex provides reassurance to anyone anywhere that foods produced according to its codes of hygienic practice and complying with its standards are safe and nutritious and offer adequate health protection. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is a science-based, international organization. Its standards, guidelines and recommendations are recognized world-wide for their vital role in protecting the consumer and facilitation international trade. At the same time they allow food producers, processors and traders access to markets by breaking down artificial nontariff barriers to trade.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 2006

Load building is an important step to make the delivery supply chain efficient. We present a family of load makeup algorithms using market based control strategy, named LoadMarket, in order to build efficient loads where each load consists of a certain number of finished products having destinations. LoadMarket adopts Clark-Wright algorithm for generating initial endowment for Load Traders who cooperate to minimize either total travel distance or the variance with respect to the travel distances of loads by means of the spot market or double-sided auction market mechanism. The efficiency of the LoadMarket algorithms is illustrated using simulation based experiments.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.74
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• pp.105-124
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• 2017

This study aims to present the effects of the introduction of the Compliance Program in Korea on real trade and its implication by empirical analysis. First, through regression analysis based on the data of the amount of permitted export by CP items (HSK10 units) during the period of 2010-2016 in Korea, it is revealed that the increase in export license of CP enterprises has a relatively greater effect on the increase in total imports by item. Second, since the introduction of the rating system under the optional CP in 2014, the increase in export licenses of CP companies has had a greater impact on the total export growth by items than before. Also, it is analyzed that the increase of export permission of CP companies has a relatively less effect on the increase of total imports by item than that of total exports. The results of this empirical analysis show that CP has a positive effect on exports and imports, but it needs to be supplemented in terms of efficiency.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2008

Realizing the scope of utilizing by-products of silk cocoons by applying appropriate methods is the immediate crave to optimize returns. The nutritive value of pupae suits for human diet, feed for poultry, carps, fish, rabbits, piggery and dogs. The pupal skin, fat, oil, cocoon palade have applications in oleo chemical, soap, glycerin, cosmetic, artificial fibres, membranes and n-triacontanol isolation. The pupal proteins Chitin, Shinki fibroin, Serrapeptidase, glucosamine are latent precursors of post surgical, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammative, anti-bacterial, anti-histaminic, gastric, hepatitis, pancreatitis, leukocytopenia, neurological, ophthalmic, blood pressure, cardiac and diabetic medicines and for preparation of vitamins A, E and K. The silk and its proteins sericin and fibroin are potentially used for wound healing, diabetes, impotence, sinusitis, arthritis, edema, cystitis, epididymitis, tissue regeneration, cancer, post-surgical trauma and used as anti-oxidatives, bio-adhesives, ultra violet screens and bio-active textiles. The waste cocoons can be used in making art crafts like garlands, carpets, overcoats, decoratives and greeting cards. The in-depth research towards utility optimization and make aware this reality to sericulturists, reelers, weavers, traders, entrepreneurs, policy makers etc., is the upright want of the today's Sericulture industry.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.101-115
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• 2009

More than two years have passed since the latest UCP, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication No.600 became valid on July 1, 2007. There has been a lot of confusions in connection with the interpretation of the new UCP since July 1, 2007. Especially the transport document articles of the new UCP are the most confusing ones. Therefore, this work intends to study some points for practical attention of transport documents in the UCP 600. Transport documents can be divided into two kinds of documents such as marine transport documents and other transport documents. But most sellers and buyers distinguish two kinds of transport documents : the document of title and the document of non-title. Most traders consider the document of title importantly and ignore the document of non-title.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.46
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• pp.315-350
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• 2010

The rapid growth of Korea-China trade that was since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, led China to surpass the United States and Japan to become Korea's largest trading partner in 2009. "The largest trade" also means "the most disputes", so it is essential to study on dispute settlement and enforcement system of the two. Therefore, in order to make the traders correctly understand and use the arbitration as a dispute settlement method in both China and Korea, this article makes a comparative study on arbitration system between the two countries. And finally, it analyzes the enforcement situation of arbitral award in China, then provides the author's personal recommendations as a countermeasure against the poor enforcement system in China.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.224-229
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• 1999

In distributed object oriented environment based upon wide heterogeneous network, effective cooperation policies between/among distributed objects are needed to resolve a complexity of management of distributed objects because of growing of a large stale of systems. Thus, in this paper, we propose three trading cooperation models between/among traders for supporting a high speed and a wide selection of trader service for clients, by considering three different cooperation models(light weight trader, simple negotiation and federation) depending upon their facilities, goals, and weights of goals.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to explore new fisheries-related jobs in the future. The study is based on a thorough literature review and in-depth interviews with experts in the fisheries industry. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, new fisheries-related jobs that surpass the fitness rating of 90% and earn more than 3 on the prospect scale are expected to be found mostly in professional fishery sectors. In the production and processing sectors, fishery quality control manager, marine product cooks, and raw fish cooks looked most promising. In the fishery marketing and distribution section, on the other hand, marine tour consultants, marine product distribution consultants, underwater guides, online marine product traders, marine sports consultants, and marine safety specialists ranked high on the list.