• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.783-793
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the ECFA impacted the efficiency of banks in China and Taiwan from 2008 to 2017. This study follows Seiford and Zhu (2002), who recommend using the standard data envelopment analysis model to measure performance by increasing the desirable outputs and decreasing the undesirables. The finding was that overall technical efficiency increased from 2012 to 2017, reaching 0.575, 0.652, 0617, 0.689, 0.701 and 0.74, respectively. This result implies bank efficiency did indeed improve after China and Taiwan signed the ECFA cooperation agreement. The study found that the mean technical efficiency was 0.8756 in China, greater than Taiwan's mean of 0.3511, implying that Chinese banks experienced a greater increase in efficiency after signing the EFCA. One possible reason explored in this study is that China's economy is currently growing at the highest rate in the world, and the banks' efficiency has benefited from greater economic growth. This suggests that cross-strait sustained negotiations to consummate an agreement on trade in the services will be a very important mission in the future. This result also provides significant evidence suggesting that not accounting for undesirable output while estimating the evolution of the model may seriously distort efficiency results.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1996

이 논문에서는 CATV 수신기에서 QAM 복조에 널리 이용되는 stop-and-go 알고리즘을 기본으로 한 블라인드 등화기의 상호 절충(trade-off)문제를 해결하였다. Stop-and-go 알고리즘은 탭 가중치의 적응 과정에서 최소 제곱 평균(least mean square) 알고리즘을 이용하였기 때문에 등화기의 구조가 간단하기는 하지만 전형적인 최소 제곱 평균 알고리즘과 같이 수렴 속도와 정상 상태 오차 사이에 상호 절충 문제가 존재한다. 정상 상태 오차를 일정한 수준으로 유지하면서 수렴 속도를 높이기 위해 가변 스텝 크기 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 동일 수준의 정상 상태 오차를 기준으로 하였을 때, 가변 스텝 크기 알고리즘을 이용한 stop-and-go 알고리즘이 상수 스텝 크기를 이용한 알고리즘에 비해 수렴 속도가 $36%{\sim}56%$ 향상되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2020

The paper investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam in 2000-2019 period. This study uses difference Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) to analyse panel data officially provided by General Statistical Office of Vietnam. The results show that market size impacts positively significant on FDI attraction: 1% -1.45% (PMG) and 1% -1.25% (GMM). Besides, some other factors have positive influences as labor force, macroeconomic policy, macroeconomic stability and skilled labor. Meantime, the trade openness negatively affects FDI inflows in the short-term, while not being statistically significant in the long-term. Moreover, economic shocks often have a negative impact on FDI inflows. The findings of this study lead to the following recommendations. First, authorities should pay special attention to encourage economic growth rate in Vietnam to expand market size because this is the first priority of foreign investors. Second, authorities need to continue increasing the rate of skilled labor, especially highly qualified management force, engineers and well-skilled workers. Third, the authorities should adjust trade openness to boost the role of its determinant in attracting FDI inflows. Fourth, macroeconomic stability needs to be governed by international standards in order to secure the belief of foreign investors in the long-term.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2018

Purpose - This study aims to investigate whether the buyer's participation in CSR activities can affect the informal cooperation and relationship beyond formal cooperation and relationship. Research design, data, and methodology - We defined the research model and selected variables(monitoring and contracts by the buyer, formal cooperation & relationship, and informal cooperation & relationship). After completing the questionnaire, we analyzed 319 manufacturing companies. Prior to the hypothesis testing, Exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) were conducted to check for discriminant validity and convergent validity. Results - The stronger the buyer monitoring on the company's CSR activities, the more positive it affects the formal business cooperation. On the other hand, strong buyer monitoring did not affect formal business relationships. Therefore, even if buyers' monitoring of CSR activities is strong, it does not mean that the formal business relationship is improved, but it means that it is possible to improve the formal business cooperation. Conclusions - This study shows that the stronger the buyer monitoring on the supplier's CSR activities, the more positive it affects formal cooperation. It also demonstrates that formal business cooperation between the supplier and the buyer, that is, sharing goals and works for CSR activities, has a positive effect on relationships based on emotional exchange and commitment.

• 정보학연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2006

Currently there is fast flow of America and South Korea FTA negotiation being issued. Aim of FTA, by having free trade between two countries to gain their economical benefit. Few benefits can be expected by Korea joining FTA with America It will increase export as well as increase in overseas investment and this will lead to booming of services industry. After America and Korea FTA Discussion being announced around the world, Australia and EU also has interest of doing FTA with South Korea, which mean that America and Korea FTA has effect of bring in the overseas interest of FTA to South Korea. Expectation of American can be, create the market in South Korea to gain benefit as well as able to check out the economical issue of north east Asia country such as China and Japan. Since American side has high agreement with the make FTA with South Korea, South Korea now has to make own decision about this matter. Since Korean economy highly influence by world trade, to survive from market competition with China and Japan, Korea must involve in Free trade with world.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.407-436
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to verify the economic effects of the on going Korea-EU FTA negotiations upon the regional economy and to present some strategic economic countermeasures to deal with the forthcoming changes on the economic environments. In comparing with the industrial structure between Korea and EU, due to the different specific part of their industrial competitiveness both parts would have complementary cooperative transactions and trade as well. And also Korea and EU would have the similar understanding of the importance of the field of agriculture and service in accordance with the economic standpoint respectively. The level of degree and magnitude of the effect of Korea-EU FTA upon the regional economy would be decided in accordance with the industrial structure and the level of income of the regional economy. We are not to confirm and specify the economic influences of Korea-EU FTA negotiations on the economic conditions of Gangwon province but to prepare rational economic countermeasures fit to its structural character. One of the political strategies that might be feasible is the inflow of foreign direct investment from the developed European countries to the regional economy. This developing model would mean a new experiment to activate any regional economy and a new formation of the policy of economic growth.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2003년도 춘계공동학술대회논문집
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• pp.231-236
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• 2003

우리나라도 1999년 관세자유지역 제도에 관한 특별법이 제정되면서 관세자유지역에 대한 제도적 기반을 마련하게 되었다. 그러나, 이러한 연구의 대부분은 선진국 성공사례의 벤치마킹과 부산항을 비교분석함으로써, 그 발전방안을 제시하고 있어 실제 부산항의 항만물류기능을 수행하고 있는 현 업체 및 실제 시장에 대한 고찰은 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 이러한 취지에서 관세 자유지역 제도의 도입이라는 변화에 가장 큰 영향을 받는 대상인 항만물류관련업체들의 실제 시장실태를 구조적으로 분석하고 그러한 분석결과를 기반으로 관세자유지역에 대한 업계의 의식을 고찰하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2019

In the case of a sea transport contract, the decision of the governing law, together with the choice of lex fori, shall be a legal issue in all legal disputes involving damage to the goods. In sea transport contracts, a paramount clause is often established in conjunction with the governing law clause, which can lead to conflict between these two clauses. Most B/L's back clauses contain a paramount clause that provides that the Hague Rules, Hague-Visby Rules, or foreign laws that prevail over other provisions of the terms. The Hague Rules and the Hague-Visby Rules, however, set different standards regarding the extent of the sea carrier's liability. Therefore, in the interpretation of ground conditions, it is an important question whether the Hague Rules or the Hague-Visby Rules are applied or whether each rule is applied as a law. For example, the paramount clause in the Superior Pescadores case was problematic in the interpretation of the term 'Hague Rules.' In this case, the English Court held that the expression 'Hague Rules' could be used to mean the Hague-Visby Rules, and not exclusively the Hague Rules. Therefore, the Hague-Visby Rules were applied in the judgment of this case, which suggests that this case can be a valuable precedent in future legal matters.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.121-140
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• 2021

The ship recycling or scrap is a phenomenon in the process of vessels life cycle has ended in the shipping industry. Scrap are greatly affected by freight rates due to ship demands. Not only that, environmental regulation and economic scale vessel demand are processes that must exist in the shipping industry as they obtain management for existing vessels. In the past, shipbreaking yard had tried to work without protection for poverty, without poor working conditions and facilities to prevent the emission of harmful substances. However, the issue of environmental pollution has been raised the Basel and Hong Kong Convention have been adopted, and a new replacement of the ship scrap that induces serious pollution is required. In this study, 165 countries were analyzed to confirm the importance of determining the ship solution. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the Environmental Performance Index, which is a measure of environmental regulation, is the most influential factor of ship scrapped volume. The determinant of whether lower labor cost can be secured is more correlated with population than GDP per capita. The implications of the results of the regression analysis mean that if environmental regulations for ship scrap of the future are strengthened, the status of Bangladesh and Pakistan, which currently account for half of the world's ship recycling, may change.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2009

다양한 적응 잡음 제거기 중에, LMS알고리즘은 강인성, 높은 추적성, 구현의 단순성 때문에 가장 많이 사용되는 알고리즘이다. 하지만, LMS알고리즘은 비균일적인 수렴과 수렴율과 EMSE-사이에 trade-off를 가진다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해, 많은 가변 스텝 사이즈 알고리즘이 수년간 연구되고 있다. 이들 LMS알고리즘에서 보다 빠른 수렴속도를 위하여 복잡한 가변 스텝방식을 사용하는데 이는 많은 계산량을 필요로 한다. 이는 LMS알고리즘의 장점인 단순성과 강인성을 손상한다. 제안하는 IGC알고리즘은 원신호와 잡음신호의 순시 이득 값을 사용한다. 그 결과, IGC알고리즘은 계산량을 줄이고, 보다 높은 성능을 유지한다.