• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2012

To evaluate the Hwangsu spring as natural mordants effect on dyeing. The natural mordant effect of Hwangsu spring was analyzed by pH, temperature, trace elements and organic matter. Hwangsu spring having pH 2.42 and $14.4^{\circ}C$ was harvested at the end of September, 2011, in Yeongcheon(Gyeongbuk Province, Korea) and left on a $0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ before use. The Result of ICP analysis, it contain bned Fe(414.9 ppm), Al(88.9 ppm), Mn(4.9 ppm). Dyeing and post-mordant procedure; Fabrics(cotton, silk, rayon) were dyed with natural colorants(Sopbora Japonica L., Caesalpinia sappan L., Allium cepa L.) for 20 min at $80^{\circ}C$. Hwangsu spring, aluminium sulfate $14-18H_2O(Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}14-18H_2O)$, iron sulfate peptahydrate($FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$), copper sulfate pentahydrate($CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$) were used by post mordants. But in the case of Caesalpinia sappan L. was dyed after pre-mordanting with Al(II). The fabrics were dyed with each mordant solutions at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10min. The colorless also was measured by color-differnce meter. Comparison with a synthetic mordants, the K/S values of cotton fabrics dyed with Hwangsu sping were increased.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

In this study, effluent water was produced through Submerged Membrane Bio-Reactor(SMBR) process, which is a simple system and decomposes organic matter contained in wastewater with biological treatment process and performs solid-liquid separation, Especially, ozone oxidation treatment process is applied to effluent water containing fluorescent whitening agent, which is a trace pollutant which is not removed by biological treatment, and influences the quality of reused water. The concentration of $COD_{Cr}$ in the SMBR was $449.3mg/{\ell}-COD_{Cr}$, and the concentration of permeate water was $100.3mg/{\ell}-COD_{Cr}$. The removal efficiency was about 70.1%. The amount of ozone required for the removal of the fluorescent whitening agent in the permeated water in SMBR was $6.67g-O_3/min$, and the amount of ozone required to remove $COD_{Mn}$ relative to the permeate water was calculated to remove $0.997mg-COD_{Mn}$ for 1mg of $O_3$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.42-42
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• 2011

To evaluate the Hwangsu spring as natural mordants effect on dyeing. The natural mordants effect of Hwangsu spring were analyzed by pH, temperature, trace elements, organic matter and color fastness. Hwangsu spring having pH 2.42 and $14.4^{\circ}C$ was harvested at the end of September, in Yeongcheon (Gyeongbuk Province, Korea) and left on a $0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ before use. Hwangsu spring during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ turned brown by photochemical reaction. The Result of ICP analysis, it contained Fe(414.9 ppm), Al(88.9 ppm), Mn(4.9 ppm) and observed character by water analysis. Dyeing and post-mordant procedure; Cotton(KS K 0905) were dyed with clove powder for 30 min at $70^{\circ}C$. Hwangsu spring, Aluminium Sulfate $14-18H_20(Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}14-18H_2O)$, Iron Sulfate Heptahydrate($FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$) were used by post mordant at the same ratio. The dyed fabrics were treated with 20% each mordant solution at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10min. Comparison with a reproduced chemical mordant, the K/S values of cotton fabrics dyed with Hwangsu sping were increased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the degradation of the herbicide bentazon (3-isopropyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide) by soil microorganisms, it was incubated at $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under the submerged and upland soil conditions of the different soils in the Chung Buk area. When bentazon (200 ppm) was incubated in Cheong Won A soil (silty loam; pH, 5.2; organic matter 1.4%) under the submerged condition for 6 months, 6-hydroxy bentazon (1.27%) was formed as the major degradation product and 8-hydroxy bentazon (0.57%) and anthranilic acid (0.13%) were formed as the minor ones. Meanwhile, when 500 ppm of bentazon was incubated in the same soil for 2 months, a trace amount of 6-hydroxy bentazon was formed. Eight strains of microorganisms isolated from the soils did not give any distinct degradation products in the pure culture experiment. The greater dehydrogenase activity in Cheong Won A soil than in Cheong Ju A soil might be related to the greater bentazon-degradability of the former soil than that of the latter. When bentazon (10 ppm) was incubated for 14 days with 14 strains of bacteria and 8 strains of fungi, the identities of which were all known, Rhizopus stolonifer produced 4.6${\sim}$31.6% of anthranilic acid as the major product from batch to batch, with trace amounts of 6-hydroxy bentazon and 8-hydroxy bentazon as minor products. The rest microorganisms did not produce any noticeable products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed as a results of the reaction of residual chlorine, used as a disinfectant in drinking water, with the organic matter in raw water. Although chlorinated and brominated THMs are the most common disinfection byproducts (DBPs) reported, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) can be formed when iodide is present in raw water. I-THMs have been usually associated with several medicinal or pharmaceutical taste and odor problems and is a potential health concern since they have been reported to be more toxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogs. Currently, there is no published standard analytical method for I-THMs in water. An automated headspace-gas chromatography/electron capture detector (GC/ECD) technique was developed for routine analysis of 10 THMs including 6 I-THMs in water samples. The optimization of the method is discussed. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 12 ng/L to 56 ng/L and from 38 ng/L to 178 ng/L for 10 THMs, respectively. Matrix effects in river water, sea water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) final effluent water were investigated and it was shown that the method is suitable for the analysis of trace levels of I-THMs, in a wide range of waters. The method developed in the present study has the advantage of being rapid, simple and sensitive.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2461-2476
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• 2013

To assess environmental contamination with carcinogens, carbonaceous compounds, water-soluble ionic species and trace gaseous species were identified and quantified every three hours for three days st three different atmospheric layer at the heart of chiang-Mai, bangkok and hat-Yai from December 2006 to February 2007. A DRI model 2001 Themal/Optical Carbon Analyzer with the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol was used to quantify the organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon content in $PM_{10}$. Diurnal and vertical variability was also carefully investigated. In general, OC and EC contenttration shoeed the highest values at the monitoring period o 21.00-00.00 as consequences of human activities at night bazaar coupled with reduction of mixing layer, decreased wind speed and termination of photolysis nighttime. Morning peaks of carboaceous compounds were observed during the sampling period of 06:00 -09:00, emphasizing the main contribution of traffic emission in the three cities. The estimation of incremental lifetime partculate matter exposure (ILPE) raises concern of high risk of carbonaceous accumulation over workers and residents living close to the observatory sites. The average values of incremental lifrtime particulate matter exposure (ILPE) of total carbon at Baiyoke Suit Hotel and Baiyoke Sky Hotel are approsimately ten time shigher then those air sample collected at prince of songkla University Hat-Yai campus corpse incinerator and fish-can maufacturing factory but only slightly higher than those of rice straw burnig in Songkla province. This indicates a high risk of developing lung cancer and other respiratory diseases across workers and residents living in high buildings located in Pratunam area. Using knowledge of carbonaceous fractions in $PM_{10}$, one can estimate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Dachs-Eisenreich model highlights the crucial role of adsorption in gas-particle partitioning of low molecular weight PAHs, whereas both absorption and adsorption tend to account for gas-particle partitioning of high molecular weight PAHs in urban residential zones of Thailand. Interestingly, the absorption mode alone plays a minor role in gas-partcle partitiining of PAHs in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok and hat-Yai.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1488-1495
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1987

The distribution of the surface charges in two kinds of peats and their physico-chemical properties have a been studied by means of the potentiometric titration and by ion adsorption in different strength of electrolytes. The organic matter contents were 43.3% and 53.7% in Yeong Yang peat and Peong Tack peat, respectively. Their X-ray diffractograms showed that quartz was dominant in both peats, and illite, kaolinite, hydrated-halloysite and feldspars were contained in a trace. Total acidic group contents was 1.257me/g in Poeng Tack peat that was a little more than of Peong Yang heat were pKa values of Yeong Yang and Poeng Tack peat were 13.1 and 12.65, respectively. The titration curves at different ionic strength of electrolytes crossed at pH 3.9 and 4.4 in Yeong Yang peat, and pH 3.8 and 4.0 in Peong Tack peat. The pH ranges of suspensions when the net surfacecharge of the peats varied from positive to negative value were $pH\;4.55{\sim}5.20\;(NaCl)$ and $pH\;3.95{\sim}5.70\;(CaCl_2)$ in Yeong Fang peat, and $pH\;4.15{\sim}5.40\;(NaCl)$ and $pH\;3.80{\sim}4.15\;(CaCl_2)$ in Peong Tack peat. Therefore it is apparent that the zero point of charge of these peats was about pH 4.0.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

At the end of November 2010, livestock infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) were buried, increasing concern about secondary pollution of drinking water and groundwater with odor. Hence, measures to reduce pollution of drinking water and groundwater are needed. In this study, based on livestock type and soil texture, five pilot-scale burial sites were monitored for the past three years from Feb 2012 to 2015. Leachate from the site was analyzed for 90 compounds. A detailed investigation has been completed, looking into organic matter decomposition characteristics of the buried bodies, relevant trace elements thereof, and in particular metabolite concentration changes such as the degree of decomposition of a carcass. From the results, no detectable heavy metals, including cadmium and arsenic, were measured. Among animal types, the rate of cattle decomposition is faster than swine decomposition, and the decomposition of the bodies were performed in sequence from sand, clay loam, sandy loam.