• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2008

Acute and chronic toxicities of sediment elutriate and surface water samples collected at Lake Shihwa were evaluated using standard toxicity testing organisms including Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. Acute exposure resulted in toxic effects in all surface water or sediment elutriate samples, except for those collected from the reed swamp and Okgu stream. The rainy season influenced the toxicity of the water samples, presumably either by dilution of point discharge or through introduction of non-point source contaminants through runoff. In the sediment, elutriate and surface water samples, copper was detected above potentially lethal concentration, which may in part explain the observed toxicity. Considering acute toxicities of the surface water streams that direct to the Lake Shihwa, efforts should be warranted to control and reduce discharge of point and non-point sources along Lake Shihwa.

• Yonsei Medical Journal
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• v.59 no.9
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 2018

Purpose: Local recurrence is the most common cause of failure in retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma patients after surgical resection. Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) is infrequently used due to its high complication risk. We investigated the efficacy of PORT using modern techniques in patients with retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients, who underwent surgical resection for non-metastatic primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma at the Yonsei Cancer Center between 1994 and 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-eight (47.5%) patients received PORT: three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in 29 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nine patients. Local failure-free survival (LFFS), overall survival (OS), and RT-related toxicities were investigated. Results: Median follow-up was 37.1 months (range, 5.8-207.9). Treatment failure occurred in 47 (58.8%) patients including local recurrence in 33 (41.3%), distant metastasis in eight (10%), and both occurred in six (7.5%) patients. The 2-year and 5-year LFFS rates were 63.9% and 47.9%, respectively. The 2-year and 5-year OS rates were 87.5% and 71.1%. The 5-year LFFS rate was significantly higher in PORT group than in no-PORT group (74.2% vs. 24.3%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, PORT was the only independent prognostic factor for LFFS. However, there was no significant correlation between RT dose and LFFS. OS showed no significant difference between the two groups. Grade ${\leq}2$ acute toxicities were observed in 63% of patients, but no acute toxicity ${\geq}$ grade 3 was observed. Conclusion: PORT using modern technique markedly reduced local recurrence in retroperitoneal sarcoma patients, with low toxicity. The optimal RT technique, in terms of RT dose and target volume, should be further investigated.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2021

Purpose: We designed a new regimen by combining intraperitoneal (IP) paclitaxel (PTX) with systemic S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis. This dose-escalation study aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of IP PTX administered weekly to patients. Materials and Methods: Eight cycles of IP PTX plus SOX regimen were administered to the patients. S-1 was administered orally twice daily at a dose of 80 mg/m²/day for 14 consecutive days, followed by 7 days of rest. Intravenous oxaliplatin was administered at a fixed dose of 100 mg/m² on day 1, while IP PTX was administered on days 1 and 8. The initial dose of IP PTX was 40 mg/m², and the dose escalation was set in units of 20 mg/m² up to 80 mg/m². Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined as grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities, grade 4 leukopenia, grade 3 febrile neutropenia, and grade 3 thrombocytopenia. Results: Nine patients were included in the study. No DLTs were observed in any of the enrolled patients. Therefore, the MTD was not reached, and the RD of IP PTX was determined to be 80 mg/m². Four patients (44%) showed a decreased peritoneal cancer index score on second-look laparoscopic examination. Conclusions: The present study determined the dose for further clinical trials of IP PTX to be 80 mg/m², when combined with a systemic SOX regimen.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.290-302
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• 2023

Abamectin offers great protection against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a well-known devastating pathogen of pine tree stands. Trunk injection of nematicides is currently the most preferred method of control. This study aimed to evaluate the potency of the commonly used formulations of abamectin against B. xylophilus. Twenty-one formulations of abamectin were evaluated by comparing their sublethal toxicities and reproduction inhibition potentials against B. xylophilus. Nematodes were treated with diluted formulation concentrations in multi-well culture plates. And, populations preexposed to pre-determined concentrations of the formulations were inoculated onto Botrytis cinerea culture, and in pine twig cuttings. Potency was contrastingly different among formulations, with LC₉₅ of 0.00285 and 0.39462 mg/ml for the most, and the least potent formulation, respectively. Paralysis generally occurred at an application dose of 0.06 ㎍/ml or higher, and formulations with high sublethal toxicities caused significant paralysis levels at the tested doses, albeit the variations. Nematode reproduction was evident at lower doses of 0.00053-0.0006 ㎍/ml both on Botrytis cinerea and pine twigs, with significant variations among formulations. Thus, the study highlighted the inconsistencies in the potency of similar product formulations with the same active ingredient concentration against the target organism, and the need to analyze the potential antagonistic effects of the additives used in formulations.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.45-48
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• 1990

Maltol(2-methyl-3-hydroxy-r-pyrone), a component known to be present in Korean Ginseng root showed an antioxidant action but its potency as an antioxidant was low; about 1150th that of other antioxidants such as p-phenylenediamine , BHA and BHT. However, maltol was able to protect the oxidation adamants in biological systems such as adriamycin-induced membrane damage in isolated cardiomyocytes, parquet-induced toxicities in isolated hepatocytes and repercussion injury in isolated hearts. The antioxidant action of maltol was also shown to be effective in vivo. The antioxidant action of this compound was probably due to the removal of hydroxyl radicals. In view of the roles of oxygen radical in various pathological processes, Korean Ginseng root, which contains several antioxidants including maltol, is expected to have beneficial efforts on the oxygen radical-involved processes. Keywords Maltol, Oxygen free radicals, Lipid preoccupation, Repercussion injury and Korean ginseng

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.400-406
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• 2000

Since the 1950s, the numbers of species and chemicals produced have significantly increased. Despite the fact that industrial chemicals have given us numerous benefits, there is no doubt that they have damaged the environment. The chemicals being dispersed on the earth should be carefully controlled to prevent adverse effects. Bioassay is one of the methods to assess chemical safety. In bioassay systems, chemical safety is estimated by monitoring biological responses to environmental pollutants and newly synthesized chemicals. This report introduces multiple-point bioassay systems that are based on chemical sensitivities of microorganisms, responses of one kind of organism, and micro-array technology. Multiple-end-point bioassays enable the prediction of chemicals in the environment and the understanding of toxicities of newly synthesized chemicals.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol(3-MCPD) is currently being a matter of concern because of its toxicity. 3-MCPD produced during the acid hydrolysis of soybean products has been reported to be mutagenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic and spermatotoxic. Howerer, the carcinogenicity of 3-MCPD is a controversial issue over the past several decades. 3-MCPD characteristically showed a variety of toxicities in reproductive system such as, decrease in sperm number and sperm motility, infertility, loss of sperm function, and weight decrease in ovary. Due to the toxicity of 3-MCPD, exposure to 3-MCPD has been proposed to be reduced to as low a level as technologically feasible. 3-MCPD can be detected in soy sauce or non-soy sauce products. The legal limit for 3-MCPD this year has been suggested to be 20 ppb（$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg）in the European Community. In Korea, the permissible level of 3-MCPD is expected to be 0.3 ppm. In this study, 3-MCPD was toxicologically evaluated in terms of risk assessment in humans.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 1998

The mechanism of active aldehyde-induced liver disease and the enzymatic basis of detoxification were investigated using normal rat liver cell, Ac2F. Aliphatic alcohols including l-decyl alcohol, l-nonanol, l-heptanol, l-hexanol, l-propanol and allyl alcohol exerted a dose- and time-de-pendent toxicity to Ac2F cells. The extent of their toxicities in buthionine sulfoximine (inhibitor of glutathione synthesis) pretreated cells was greater than in pargyline (inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH). On the other hand, the toxicity of these alcohols were not affected by 4-methylpyrazole (inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH). These results suggest that the contents of glutathione (GSH) seems to be very important in protecting the cells from toxicants such as aliphatic alcohols.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.25-32
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• 1987

The effects of ginseng ethanol extract on the toxicity of lead acetate in mice were examined. Mice were given intraperitoneally daily doses of lead acetate 50 mg/kg with ginseng ethanol extract 50 mg/kg, 100 mg and 200 mg/kg for 3 weeks. The exposure of lead acetate showcd the toxicity at all experimental assay such as the gain of body weight, the ratio of some organs weight to body weight, serum transaminase activity and creatinine value, hematocrit and WBC counts. These toxicities were inhibited significantly by the ginseng ethanol extract administration. The 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg administration of ginseng ethanol extract inhibited histopathological changes on kidney by lead acetate, whereas the 200 mg/kg administration of the fraction enhanced histopathological changes.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 1986

The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenol and biphenyl on the body, liver and kidney weights, and the activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and the contents of microsomal cytochrome P-450, and hematocrit, TBAvalue. PCB (200 mg/kg), phenol (200 mg/kg), biphenyl (200 mg/kg), and biphenyl (100 mg/kg) added phenol (100 mg/kg) was treated orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 days. In all treated groups, the body weights were decreased, while the weights of liver and kidney were increased in comparison with that of control group. The activity of $\delta$-ALAD was increased and hematocrit was decreased in PCB treated group, on the contrary biphenyl treated group was appeared opposite direction. The contents of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and concentration of protein were increased in all treated group. In biphenyl treated group and phenol treated group, TBA value was increased in both groups.