• International Journal of Safety
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2010

We measured the concentrations of air pollutants at several residential sites, roadside sites and industrial sites in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. And the concentration distributions of air pollutants were estimated by atmospheric dispersion model using air emissions data. Based on those results, we calculated environmental risk of air pollutants emitted in Iwate Prefecture. As a result, it was found that the surround of factories with high emissions and highly toxic chemicals and the roadsides were high risk area, benzo(a)pyrene, formaldehyde and ozone exceeded the $10^{-5}$ risk level. Moreover, we tried to use "Loss of life expectancy: LLE" for an index to explain those risk to general public intelligibly. The total LLE of the carcinogenic chemicals was about 8.6 hours. Moreover, LLE of ozone was about 9.2 hours. Ozone has a big influence compared with the carcinogenic chemicals.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.146-154
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• 1994

A series of numerical calculations are performed in order to investigate the dispersion mechanism of toxic gaseous and solid pollutants in extremely short-term and short range. The calculations are carried out in an open space characterized by turbulent boundary layer. The simulation is made by the use of numerical model, in which a control-volume based finite difference method is used together with the SIMPLEC algorithm for the resolution of the pressure-velocity coupling problem. The Reynolds stresses are solved by two-equation, k-$\varepsilon$ model modified for buoyancy. The major parameters consider-ed in this study are temperature, velocity and Injection height of toxic gases, environmental conditions such as temperature and velocity of free stream air, and topographic factor. The results are presented and discussed in detail. The flow field is commonly characterized by the formation of a strong recirculation zone due to the upward motion of the hot toxic gas and ground shear stress. The driving force of the upward motion is explained by the effect of thermal buoyancy of hot gas and the difference of inlet velocity between toxic gas and free stream.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.731-738
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• 1995

Toxic air pollutants are investigated in a petrochemical industrial park in Taiwan by using a movable open path FTIR. The results show the qualitative and quantitative analysis of emission gases from plants, and also provide the emission rate of different compounds. More than twenty compounds under usual operation are found from this industrial park. The concentration variation with time can be correlated exactly with wind direction. It means that by changing the measuring points, the source of emission can be unambiguously identified. An EPA proved PAL model is applied to estimate the emission rate of either a point or an area source. Local atmospheric stability is determined by releasing the $SF_6$ tracer. The origins of errors come mainly from the uncertainty of source's configuration and the variation of meteorological condition. Through the continuous measurement (half an hour base in this study) of OP-FTIR sensor, the maximum value of emission rate and the annual amount of emission can be derived. The emission rate of the measured toxic gases are derived by the model technique and the results show that the emission amount are in the order of ten to hundred tons per year.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 추계 학술대회
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• pp.91-101
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• 2000

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1999

Environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants were evaluated by two selected bioassays, Lettuce seed germination/elongation test and Microtox acute toxicity test. Toxic chemicals (heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds) inhibited the germination rate and root elongation of Lettuce seed, as well as the bioluminescence of Microtox bacteria. When test biota were exposed to target chemicals, the sensitivity of Lettuce bioassay was relatively lower than that of Microtox bioassay. However, Lettuce bioassay may be a good candidate for prescreening the environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants, since the testing method with Lettuce seed was relatively easier and more economic than with Microtox bacteria. Toxicity tests were conducted to compare the validity and sensitivity of both bioassays for sediment from a small stream passed through urban area as well as leachate from a municipal solid waste landfill. From experimental results, we found that Lettuce test and Microtox test are compensated each other as a battery of bioassay for evaluating the environmental toxicities of field samples obtained from a small stream contaminated by pollutants.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.113-132
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• 2003

In May 2001, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) for phasing out and eliminating POPs was signed by 90 countries at the Diplomatic Meeting in Stockholm. In 1998, three years before the Convention, the protocols on POPs and heavy metals were adopted by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Growing attention on POPs and heavy metals during the past 10 years is primarily due to their toxicity in minute quantities. POPs and some metal compounds are even more toxic because of their bioaccumulation potentials associated with a high lipid solubility. Furthermore, owing to their persistence and semi - volatility, they are widely distributed in the environment, traveling great distances on wind and water currents. Recent international cooperation to address POPs and heavy metals has focused on these issues. Long -range transport of those pollutants are particularly concerned since Korea is located downwind of prevailing westerlies from China. In this paper, a review is provided to assess the properties, sources, emissions, and atmospheric concentrations on POPs and heavy metals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Current Trends in Toxicological Sciences
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• pp.131-131
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• 2002

PCBs are wide spread persistent environmental pollutants that exert a broad spectrum of toxic effects. PCBs includes 209 possible congeners differing in extent and position of chlorination of their aromatic rings. In order to understand the toxic mechanism of PCBs, we have tested the effect of PCB on the EROD activity in vivo.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 한국안전학회 1999년도 춘계 학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.271-276
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• 1999

미국을 비롯한 선진국들은 이미 휘발성 유기화합물(volatile organic compounds) 과 독성 중금속(toxic metals)을 비롯한 유해 대기오염물(hazardous air pollutants)에 대해 ATEOS (Airborne Toxic Element and Organic Species), TEAM(Total Exposure Assessment Measurement) 연구등의 대규모 연구를 통하여 인체에 미치는 영향이 가장 큰 물질군이 휘발성 유기화합물임을 밝혀낸 바 있다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.264-280
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• 1993

The environmental pollutions were a serious problem in Korea recently. So many researcher have studied the effect of environmental pollution on plants and agro-ecosystem, but the basic mechanisms of environmental stresses were various. One of the important mechanisms was oxidative stress caused by active toxic oxygen. The toxic oxygen was generated by several stresses, abnormal temperature, many xenobiotics, air pollutants, water stress, fugal toxin, etc. In the species of toxic oxygen which is primary inducer of oxidative stresses, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were representative species. The scavenging systems were divided into two groups. One was nonenzymatic system and the other enzymatic system. Antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid, and carotenoid, have the primary function in defense mechanisms. Enzymatic system divided into two groups; First, direct interaction with toxic oxygen(eg. superoxide dismutase). Second, participation in redox reaction to maintain the active antioxidant levels(eg. glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, etc.).