• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-271
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• 1987

This survey of 527 children, aged 4 to 6 years, focused on family and dietary environment, nutritional status and personality. It was conducted from June to October, 1986. The results showed that 68.0%(breakfast)and 55.4% (evening meal ) of the subjects indicated they had meals with the family everyday. Analysis of the nutritional status children showed all nutrient intake except protein an diron was insufficient compared with RDA. Carbohydrate provided 58.3% of total calorie intake ; protein accounted for 15.7% . fat provided 26.0%. There was a positive relation between income and nutrient intake. Children with employed mothers showed lower nutrient intake than children with unemployed mothers. Food attitude was positively related to nutrient intake, nutrient intake of children with good eating behavior was higher than that of children had poor eating behavior . Activity level had a significant correlation with intake of calories, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and Vitamin B$_2$. Mood was correlated with intake of protein, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ and vitamin C.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.479-492
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the foods intake as well as nutrients intake, 2) the nutritional knowledge, and 3) the relations between the foods and nutrients intakes and nutritional knowledge in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (RGs). The results are summarized as follows. Average daily intakes of energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ vitamin B$_2$ and niacin were in 45-74％ of the RDAs for Koreans. Average daily energy intake was only about 50％ of energy expenditure by physical activities. Average daily intakes of each food group were generally lower, but intakes of breads and confectionaries, sugar and sweets, milks and dairy products, and instant foods were higher in the RGs compared to the nonathletic students of the same age from the National Health and Nutrition Suvey. The contribution of empty-calorie foods such as breads and confectionaries, beverage and instant foods to the major energy nutrients were high. Mean of total nutritional knowledge score of RGs was 28.4 of total score 50. In categorical score of nutritional knowledge, the RGs make a best score on food sources and they get the lowest marks for food exchange. Among the nutrients, intakes of crude fiber, animal Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B$_1$ niacin and vitamin C and, among the food groups, intakes of mushrooms, fruits and meats had relations with one of the total or categorical nutritional knowledge scores in the RGs. In conclusion, nutritional status of adolescent RGs was poor due to their unbalanced diet composed of empty-calorie foods, and their undesirable food intake pattern was supposed to be related to the low nutritional knowledge score of them. These results indicate that the RGs should be given more nutritional knowledge to improve their nutritional status and the exercise performance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to find the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat on of vitamin levels E, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum of Spraque-Dawley male rats. Experimental rats were fed for 4 weeks with corn oil, perilla oil, lard at a level of 10% and 20% respectively. The results obtained are as follows; 1. Body weight gains were similar to all groups and food intake was significantly lower in all experimental diet groups than control diet group, especially 20% corn oil diet group was the lowest among the experimental diet groups. 2. Vitamin E levels in serum were significantly lower in 20% corn oil and 10%, 20% perilla oil diets groups than control diet group. 3. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in 20% perilla oil diet group which was significantly lower in vitamin E level than control diet group, and serum total cholesterol levels of 10%, 20% lard diets groups were significantly higher than control diet group. 4. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in 20% perilla oil diet group which was significantly lower in vitamin E level than control diet group, and serum HDL-cholesterol levels of 10%, 20% lard diets groups also were significantly lower than control diet group.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2018

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with an increasingly prevalent etiology, yet not fully understood. It has been thought that vitamin D, complex B vitamin levels and homocysteine are associated with environmental factors and are important in ASD. The aim of this study was to examine serum vitamin D, vitamin D receptor (VDR), homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate levels in ASD. Methods: In this study, serum vitamin D and VDR, homocysteine, vitamins B6, B12 and folate levels were determined in 60 patients with ASD (aged 3 to 12 years) and in 45 age-gender matched healthy controls. In addition, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase, which are associated with vitamin D metabolism, were measured from serum in both groups. ASD severity was evaluted by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Serum vitamin D and VDR were substantially reduced in patients with ASD in comparision to control group. However, homocysteine level was significantly higher and vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate were also reduced in patients with ASD. Total CARS score showed a positive association with homocysteine and a negative correlation with vitamins D,B6, B12, folate and VDR. Conclusion: This comprehensive study, which examines many parameters has shown that low serum levels of vitamins D, B6, B12, folate and VDR as well as high homocysteine are important in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. However, further studies are required to define the precise mechanism(s) of these parameters and their contributions to the etiology and treatment of ASD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.558-565
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• 1993

This study was carried out to observe the effects of dietary n-6, n-3 fatty acids and vitamin A levels on serum lipid contents and hepatic tissues in rats. Sixty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 6 different experimental diets for 6 weeks. The diets were composed of 10% of either corn oil or fish oil with three levels of vitamin A ; defient (1240IU/kg diet), adequate (4000IU/kg diet), excess(400,000IU/kg diet). It was observed that triglyceride content and lipoprotein ratio in serum were not affected by dietary fat types and vitamin A levels. However, total serum cholesterol contents were significantly lower in fish oil groups than in corn oil groups, which were not affected by vitamin A levels. Under light microscope, vitamin A excess groups showed pathological abnormalites, such as fatty change and inflammation of the hepatic tissues. There abnormalities were less severe in fish oil groups. These results suggested that fish oil could be a dietary factor lowering the serum lipid contents, and it seems to relieve the abnormal changes in liver induced by excess vitamin A.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.855-861
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• 1995

The longitudinal change of vitamin A concentration and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating wormen and vitamin A intake of infants were studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum. Retinol concentration of the milk averaged 93.6$\pm$47.1, 80.1$\pm$41.6 and 66.7$\pm$33.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum respectively and showed decreasing trend in total mothers. $\beta$-carotene concentration showed similar decreasing trend averaged 13.4$\pm$10.6, 8.2$\pm$4.6 and 5.3$\pm$3.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml respectively. Vitamin A concentration decreased with the respective amount of 94.9$\pm$47.1, 80.5$\pm$41.5 and 67.3$\pm$33.0 R.E../100ml during the lactation. The average vitamin A secretion in the milk of all mothers appeared 410.0 R.E/day. Vitamin A secretion of multiparae (450.1 R.E./100ml) appeared not significantly higher than those of primiparae(370.0 R.E./100ml). The average vitamin A intake of infants in the milk averaged 333.7 R.E./day and was 95.3% of RDA for infants. Vitamin A intake per body weight of infants in the milk averaged 110.6, 91.9 and 79.2 R.E./kg/day respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 1998

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin $B_2$, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were $57{\sim}59:\;16{\sim}17:\;26{\sim}27$ and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin $B_2$ from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of ${\beta}-carotene$. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p<0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was $38{\sim}43g/day$. Regardless of income class, oleic acid($6.6{\sim}8.4g$) and linoleic acid($6.7{\sim}8.1g$) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p<0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total ${\omega}6$ fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratios in all subjects were $0.9{\sim}l.3/1.0{\sim}1.1/1.0$ and $5.2{\sim}7.4/1.0$, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.492-503
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for vitamin D for Malaysian aged 1-70 yrs has been revised from 5 ㎍/day to 15 ㎍/day. This study is aimed to assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake based on revised RNI and to recommend several dietary strategies to increase total vitamin D intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Vitamin D intake from both food and supplement of 217 pregnant women was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hypothetical effect of expanded supplementation and food fortifications strategies were modelled using the consumption data. RESULTS: The results revealed that more than half (67.7%) of pregnant women had inadequate vitamin D intake (RNI < 15 ㎍/day). The modelling results demonstrated the potential of universal provision of 10 ㎍/day of multivitamins supplements in increasing vitamin D intake. Moreover, mandatory fortification of both milk and malted drink at single level of 5 ㎍/serving would lead to increase in vitamin D intake of Malaysians, particularly pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study can be used as a reference for public health professionals to re-evaluate the existing Malaysian food fortification policies and supplementation recommendation for vitamin D for pregnant women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants and to compare the value with the Recommended Dietary Allollwances(BDA) for Korean infants. We examined retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene contents of breast milk in 32 lactating women by HPLC analysis and also the consumed volume of the milk of their infants by the test-weighing method during the first 5 months of lactation. Total vitamin A contents of the milk shelved 67.3, 56.5, 51.2, 45.2, 39.0 and 34.lR.E./100m1 at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Vitamin A intake of breast-fed infants were 320, 371, 368, 325, 292 and 251R.E/day during the five-month nursing period. Vitamin A intake per body weight of breast-fed infants was measured at 86.4, 79.8, 63.6, 49.1, 40.0 and 31.9R.E/kg/day. Body weight gain of infants was not affected by the vitamin A intake from the milk during the lactation. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives vitamin A from the milk adequately compared with the RDA for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1433-1439, 1998)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2010

Consumption of vegetables and fruits is associated with a reduced risk of stroke, but it is unclear whether their protective effects are due to antioxidant vitamins or folate and metabolically related B vitamins. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that intake of fruits and vegetables, which are major sources of antioxidant and vitamin B complex vitamins, reduces the risk of stroke. Cases consisted of patients diagnosed with first event of stroke (n = 69). Controls (n = 69) were age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched to cases. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that subjects who ate four to six servings of vegetable per day had a 32% reduction in the risk of stroke, and those with more than six servings per day had a reduction of 69% after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and family history of stroke. Intakes of total fat, plant fat, calcium, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, and folate were significantly and negatively associated with the risk of stroke. Although the trend was not significant, stroke risk was reduced in the second quartile (1.21-2.66 servings per week) of fish intake. However, intake of fruits (average daily intake of 1.0 serving) and antioxidant vitamins such as carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was not associated with the risk of stroke. In conclusion, our observational study suggests that intake of fat and vegetables, rich sources of vitamin B complex, calcium, and potassium may protect against stroke.