• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1988

Twenty cows, by order of calving, were used in a completely randomized $2{\times}2$ factorial experiment. Variables were tow protein levels (14 and 18% crude protein) and concentration of fat (2 and 6% ether extract) in diets. Fat addition, via unprocessed whole sunflower seed, insured forage utilization in diets to meet energy requirement of cows. A total of 36 wks of lactation was subdivided into three 12-wk stages of lactation. Net energy lactation was set at 1.72, 1.57 and 1.42 Mcal/kg for each stage. Higher protein diets improved the efficiency of energy (FCM/net energy intake) which was particularly noted for diets containing high fat (85.7%). However, diets with low protein-high fat resulted in the lowest efficiency (67.7%). No difference in milk yield and butterfat was due to different levels and combinations of protein and lipid in diets. High protein diets depressed blood cholesterol and glucose compared to low-protein counterparts. Relative decline in milk production was slower for lower fat diets than for higher fat groups, especially mid to later stage of lactation. Results of this experiment tend to support our thesis on the synergistic effect of dietary protein and energy (lipid) upon efficiency of lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2001

Twenty-four new born crossbred (Bos indicus$\times$Bos taurus) calves were distributed in two equal groups and assigned to two different pre-starter diets with (Group 1) and without (Group 2) fish meal to study the effect of replacement of animal protein by vegetable protein in the diet and the age of animals on ruminal metabolic development. All calves were fed colostrum for 24 h and whole milk until weaning at 8 weeks of age. Rumen fluid samples were collected on 4 d, 1 wk, and then weekly interval up to 8 wk of age. Rumen fluid samples were analysed for pH, TVFA, lactic acid and N fractions (total N, total soluble N, trichloro acetic acid (TCA) soluble N, TCA precipitable N and ammonia N). Weekly feed intake and live weight gain pattern showed an increasing trend with the advancement of age, but were similar in both groups. The pH fell steadily during 0-4 wk of age and then stabilized in later period. A close relationship (r=0.80) between starter intake and TVFA concentration was observed in both the groups. Lactic acid (meq/l) and ammonia N (mg/dl) concentration showed initial rise (0.55 and 14.97 on day 4 to 3.38 (7 wk) and 32.85 (4 wk), respectively) to fall (2.74 and 17.60) again during 8 wk of age in response to increase in dry feed consumption (10% initially to 83% of diet dry matter at 8 wk of age). The TCA precipitable fraction of N did not show any change during 0-8 wk of age. Data indicate that the metabolic changes responded rapidly to dry feed intake which did not differ in fish meal and non-fish meal groups, and a poor voluntary consumption of oat hay retards the progressive changes in live weight and rumen microbial development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 1994

The effect of soybean meal and barley supplementation of the utilization of rice straw was investigated. Balance trials were conducted with three Japanese Corriedale wethers fed rice straw supplemented with soybean meal and barley at three different levels of protein: low (40 g CP/d, LCP), medium (67 g/d, MCP) and high (94 g/d, HCP). In addition, all the supplements were formulated to contain the same amount of TDN (275 g/d). Voluntary intake of rice straw was not affected by any supplementation, while digestibility of organic matter in sheep given HCO diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those on LCP diet. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibilities of MCP and HCP diets were significantly improved (p<0.05) over the LCP diet. Average daily gain of the animals under MCP and HCP diets were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those under LCP diet. Differences of rumen pH among the treatments were not significant, while concentration of rumen $NH_3-N$ was significantly higher (p<0.05) for HCP diet than for LCP and MCP diets. Total volatile fatty acids ($VFA_s$) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) in sheep fed MCP and HCP diets than those fed LCP diet, while plasma total protein concentration was not affected by any supplementation. Sheep fed MCP diet had a higher nitrogen retention than those fed LCP and HCP diets. It was concluded that rice straw was utilized better by sheep when SBM and barley were supplemented at the medium level of protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1205-1212
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different dietary ratio of metabolizable glucose (MG) to metabolizable protein (MP) on growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. Methods: A total of 24 Holstein heifers weighing an average of 282.90 kg (8 month of age) were randomly assigned to four groups of six. The heifers were fed one of four diets of different dietary MG/MP (0.97, 1.07, 1.13, and 1.26). Results: The results showed that the ratio of MG/MP affected the growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of heifers. The average daily gain of heifers was enhanced by increasing the ratio of MG/MP (p<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the concentration of total volatile fatty acid in the rumen fluid of heifers decreased with the improvement in the ratio of dietary MG/MP (p<0.05). However, the relative amount of Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in the rumen of heifers was increased significantly (p<0.05) when the dietary MG/MP increased. At the same time, with the improvement in dietary MG/MP, the amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes increased (p = 0.08). Conclusion: A diet with an optimal ratio (1.13) of MG/MP was beneficial for the improvement of growth, rumen fermentation, dietary protein and energy utilization of 8 to 10-month-old dairy heifers in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.726-734
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• 1989

To analyze the components of dense coat fractions associated with fat globule membrane, The membrane was treated with various concentrations of Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent, and the composition of lipids associated to the detergent insoluble material was analyzed. The amount of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol and ganglioside in milk fat globule membrane was reduced consistently with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Butyrophilin (band 12), xanthine oxidase (band 3) and band 16 as constituents of insoluble coat materials was revealed after electrophorisis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin were identified as the major phospholipids of the coat materials without selective concentration relative to the original membranes. Percentages of total phospholipid were not changed by any of the treatments. Fatty acids of total lipid were myristate, palmitate, stearate (major saturated acids), oleate and linoleate (major unsaturated acids). Cholesterol contents on a protein basis were slightly reduced with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Cholesterol adhered to protein more tightly than other constituents The contents of gangliosides was proportionally refuted with increasing concentration of Triton X-100.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed at studying the potential use of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) as a protein source fodder to improve nutrients digestibility and ruminal fermentation efficiency in beef cattle. Methods: Four, Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four levels of Flemingia hay meal (FHM) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in the concentrate mixtures in four dietary treatments replacing levels at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% of SBM. Results: The experimental findings revealed that replacements did not effect on intake of rice straw, concentrate and total dry matter (DM) intake (p>0.05). However, the apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were linearly increased up to 100% replacement levels. Moreover, the production of total volatile fatty acids, and propionate concentration were enhanced (p<0.05) whereas the concentration of acetate was reduced in all replacement groups. Consequently, the CH4 production was significantly lower when increasing levels of FHM for SBM (p<0.05). Furthermore, rumen bacterial population was additionally increased (p<0.05) while protozoal population was clearly decreased (p<0.05) in all replacement groups up to 100%. In addition, microbial nitrogen supply and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were enhanced (p<0.05), as affected by FHM replacements. Conclusion: The findings under this experiment suggest that 100% FHM replacement in concentrate mixture enhanced rumen fermentation efficiency, nutrients digestibilities, bacterial population, microbial protein synthesis, and subsequently reduced CH4 production in beef cattle fed on rice straw.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.204-210
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate effects of Chiarella vulgaris on lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Sixty 6-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups; normal diet group and high fat diet group, then the rats in each group were further divided into three subgroups and fed 0%, 5% and 10% (w/w) chlorella-containing diets, respectively, and raised for 9 weeks, Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and total protein and albumin concentration were not different among groups. Serum total lipids and liver TG concentration were significantly lower in 5% and 10% chlorella groups than 0% chlorella group in high fat diet groups (p<0.05). Serum TG, serum total cholesterol, liver total lipid and liver total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in 10% chlorella groups than 0% chlorella group in high fat diet groups (p<0.05). Fecal total lipid, TG and total cholesterol excretions were significantly higher in 5% and 10% chlorella groups than 0% chlorella groups in normal diet and high fat diet groups, respectively (p<0.05). These results suggest that Chlorella vulgaris is effective for prevention of dyslipidemia which may be due to the modulation of lipid metabolism and increased fecal excretion of lipid.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.255-269
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• 2005

This study was aimed to investigate genetic relationships, variables, and correlations between economic traits and metabolic materials in serum components according to bleeding periods and breeding locations for the castrated and not castrated Hanwoo cattle at National Livestock Research Institute. Analysis of variance for serum hormones and metabolic materials showed significant differences by breeding locations except for testosterone and globulin. Statistical differences for serum components were detected by birth year except for cortisol, total protein, globulin and creatinine, and by castration except for total protein and BUN. All the serum components were tended to have sire effects except for testosterone resulting in some degree of additive gene actions. Breeding locations showed statistical significances for carcass weight and back fat thickness, but not in carcass rate, KPH, live weight and transportation weight loss. Effects of breeding locations and castration were significant for all weight measurement periods except for 9 month and 6 month, respectively. A significant sire effect was observed in all weight measurements. Least squared means for concentration of serum components by breeding year, season and castration were not significant. High concentration of cortisol, creatinine and triglyceride and low concentration of IGF-1 and glucose were detected in castrated cattle. Concentration of testosterone with castrated cattle was $5.2\%$ corresponding to non castrated cattle. Estimation of heritabilities of serum components using a sire model with restricted maximum likelihood were ranged 0.07 to 0.58. High heritabilities were estimated for total protein, albumin, globulin, cortisol, creatinine and BUN were 0.53, 0.54, 0.42, 0.45, 0.58 and 0.54, respectively. Low heritabilities were estimated fur calcium, testosterone and IGF-1 for 0.07, 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. Heritabilities for carcass weight, back fat thickness, meat yield index, KPH, and IMF were estimated as 0.39, 0.45, 0.30 0.13, and 0.93. Heritabilities of weights on 18, 12, 9, 6, and 24 month were estimated as 0.78, 0.76, 0.62, 0.58 and 0.58. Estimated heritabilities for average daily gain on 6${\~}$2, 12${\~}$18, and 18${\~}$24 month were 0.80, 0.75 and 0.19, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.575-581
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• 1999

In result of chemical properties of bamboo shoots and changes of chemical components of salted bamboo shoots during 120 days salting, the contents of moisture crude fat tannin and ascorbic acid were decreased but those of crude protein curde ash and salt concentration were increased. The main free amino acids of bamboo shoots were serine arginine alanine leucine and tyrosine. The content of total free amino acid was rapidly decreased in 80days-past of salting and after that slowly decresed. Wang bamboo shoots was the highest as 1060.18mg/100g in content of total free amino acid. The main mineral elements were K, P, Na and Mg. The contents of Fe and K were the hihest among them. The contents of P, Fe, Zn. Mn. Ge and Cu were decreased but K, Mg, Na and Ca were increased during salting. When fresh bamboo shoots were compared with salted bamboo shoots fresh bamboo shoots contained the contents of moisture crude protein crude fat tannin and ascorbic acid more than salted bamboo shoots did but the less the contents of ash fiber and salt concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 1990

The solubility of protein and phytate was measured at various pH's in distilled water and at various concentrations of NaCl, $CaCl_2\;and\;Na_2SO_3$ solutions, and then optimum condition for producing low phytate protein isolate from perilla flour was investigated. The protein solubility in water showed minimum at pH 4.0 and increased at pH higher or lower than 4.0, while phytate solubility was highest at pH 5.0 and decreased at pH higher or lower than 5.0. In NaCl solution, protein solubility was lowest between pH 3.0-4.0, while phytate solubility was high between pH 2.0-5.0 and abruptly decreased above PH 6.0. In $Na_2SO_3$ solution, protein solubility was lowest between pH 2.0-3.0 and phytate solubility showed maximum values between pH $5.0{\sim}6.0$, and it's solubility was low in 3% salt concentration at all pH ranges. In $CaCl_2$ solution, protein solubility in 3% salt concentration was relatively low at all pH ranges, and phytate solubility showed highest values between pH $2.0{\sim}3.0$ and abruptly decreased (1.0%) above pH 4.0. In order to make low phytate protein isolate, defatted perilla flour protein was extracted at pH9.0 and precipitated at pH 4.0 in 3% NaCl solution. The yield of low phytate protein isolate was 61.4% of total protein. This protein was found to contain 0.02% phytate by weight.