• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.45-72
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• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

We observed that oil began to accumulate at 25 seed days after flowering (DAF) and reached the maximum potential at 35 seed DAF of oilseed rape, and the greatest weight of 100 seeds was obtained at 35 seed DAF. To survey a broad analysis of gene expression in developing embryos of Brassica napus, the Bn 300k microarray have been constructed. The Bn 300k Microarrary was designed from 80,696 unigenes clustered from 543,448 ESTs and 780 cDNA at NCBI. These arrays have been hybridized in a series of experiments with probes derived from seeds and leaf of B. napus. Approximately 8.5% of the 7,000 genes were expressed as ratios 2-fold higher in seed (25 DAF) than leaves and 0.4% at ratios 10. Also we observed that storage and cell differentiation-related genes were highly expressed at 10 DAF, whereas energy-related genes including fatty acid metabolism were increased up depending on seed maturation using Microarray, which was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that B. napus arrays provide a very useful data set of seed-specific expression that can be further analyzed by examination of the promoter regions of these genes and help our understanding of the complex regulatory network in developing seeds.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3285-3294
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• 2012

A field test on mud flat remediation was carried out in order to observe the effects of the treatments such as microbial dose and an oxygen releasing compound like $CaO_2$. The size of each treatment site was $100m^2$ and the dosage was 3.6 kg per site. The 6 week monitoring showed that pH on two sites was below 7 and ORP increased from .178~-188 mV to .121~-142 mV. In Ignition loss and COD there were no significant changes. Meanwhile nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations changed: ammonia concentration decreased both on control and treatment sites. Nitrate nitrogen decreased more on combined treatment site than on single microbial treatment (11.3% vs. 7.3%) probably because the extra oxygen supplied by $CaO_2$ formed more oxic environment so that the facilitated nitrification might produce more nitrate but the nitrate would be much rapidly released into the water layer out of the sediment. That also explains the total nitrogen reduction(6.1%). Similarly, T-P and $PO_4-P$ reduced by 29% and 31.8%, respectively on combined treatment sites, resulting from the phosphorus release effect though the initial concentrations of the two factors were considerably high.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.835-843
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• 2020

Obesity, the world's leading metabolic disease, is a serious health problem in both industrialized and developing countries. Natural substances are of great interest in preventative medicine, especially in the field of metabolic syndromes-from insulin resistance to obesity and diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of A. pullulans SM-2001 Extract (Polycan^®) on the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the anti-obesity effect of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Although β-glucan has been found to have health benefits in the regulation of the immune system and blood cholesterol levels, its role in obesity has not been fully investigated. Polycan^® suppressed lipid accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity without affecting cell viability in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Polycan^® also inhibited cellular lipid accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors, such as PPARγ and C/EBPα, and induced dose-dependent phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-a cellular energy sensor-while the total AMPK protein content remained unchanged. Taken together, this shows that the activation of AMPK by Polycan^® in adipocytes plays a critical role in Polycan^®-induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Our results show that Polycan^® has an anti-obesity action in vitro, suggesting a potential novel preventative agent for obesity and other metabolic diseases.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.594-603
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• 2018

The effects of operating conditions such as benzene concentration, nitrogen flow rate, steam flow rate, and bed temperature on TSA process were experimentally investigated as a potential VOC removal technology using two kinds of beds packed with activated carbon and zeolite 13X. The TSA cycle studied was composed of the adsorption step, steam desorption step, and drying and cooling step. At 2% benzene concentration, the total adsorption amounts of zeolite 13X and activated carbon were 4.44 g and 3.65 g, respectively. Since the zeolite 13X has a larger packing density than that of the activated carbon, the larger benzene amount could be adsorbed in a single cycle. Increasing the water vapor flow rate to 75 g/hr at 2% benzene concentration reduced the desorption time from 1 hr to a maximum of 33 min. If the desorption time is shortened, the drying and cooling step period can be relatively increased. Accordingly, the steam removal and bed cooling could be sufficiently performed. The desorption amounts increased with the increase of the bed temperature. However, the energy consumption increased while the desorption amount was almost constant above $150^{\circ}C$. In the continuous cycle process, when the amount of remained benzene at the completion of the regeneration step increased, it might cause a decrease in the working capacity of the adsorbent. The continuous cycle process experiment for zeolite 13X showed that the amount of remained benzene at the end of regeneration step maintained a constant value after the fourth cycle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2017

To set an optimal harvest time of main 7 whole crop silage rice cultivars, Nokyang(Ny), Mogwoo(Mw), Mogyang(My), Jungmo1029(Jm1029), Jungmo1038(Jm1038), Nokwoo(Nw) and Yeongwoo(Yw), based on feed value, we analyzed their feed values such as percent crude protein(CP), crude fat(CF), crude ash(CA), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and lignin. It was evaluated every 10 days from heading to 40 days after heading(DAH). Total digestible nutrient(TDN) and relative feed value(RFV) was also calculated from ADF and NDF. As results, CP was generally in decline as increasing DAH in Ny, My, Jm1029, Jm1038 and Yw and decreased to 20 DAH in Mw, decreased after increasing to 30 days in Nw. The CP content of Ny was relatively the highest ranged from 5.3% to 10.1% and Mw the lowest 4.5% to 5.2%, compared to others. CF content tend to decrease as DAH increase in Ny, My and Nw and decreased after increasing to 30 days Jm1029, increased after decreasing to 20 days Jm1038 but was not shown distinct trend of increase or decrease in Mw. Especially, that of Yw's CF gradually increased as harvest time late but relative content the lowest from 1.46% to 2.29% among 7 cultivars. The CA content of Ny, My, Jm1029 and Jm1038 approximately decreased as DAH increased and that of Mw was similar to others after heading, Nw decreased after 10 days and Yw increased after flowering. In all 7 cultivars, NDF and ADF had a tendency to decrease as days accumulated, in particular, Yw was the lowest on 30 DAH and so the content of Yw's TDN the highest(71.5%), while the lowest(67.2%) in Nw. For lignin, particularly, Mw tend to be in decline as DAH increase and was the lowest ranged from 1.34% to 1.87%. ADF analyses allows for the evaluation of in vivo digestible dry matter(DDM) and energy availability and NDF analyses provides the best indication of dry matter intake(DMI). Ultimately, the two factors can be combined to derive RFV for forage. RFV in general increased as DAH increased in all cultivars and was in order, Yw>My>Ny> Jm1038>Mw>Jm1029>Nw on 30 DAH. Taken together when these results, despite a slight increase of TDN after 30 DAH except Yw, considering forage yield potential, digestibility of grains and gradual decrease of CP and CF, the yellow ripe stage, about 30 DAH, was appropriate to harvest whole crop rice for silage use.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.639-646
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• 2015

The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation ($6.6{\times}10^8cfu$) and anhydrous ammonia treatment (3%) of wheat straw (WS) were investigated on in-situ dry matter (DM) degradability, and on rumen fermentation and growth performance of lambs. Rumen-fistulated Menemen sheep fed a diet with and without live yeast were used to assess the DM degradability characteristics of WS and ammonia-treated wheat straw ($WS_{NH3}$). Twenty-six yearling Menemen male lambs were fed in four groups. Lambs of control group (WS) received untreated WS without supplemental yeast, whereas other three groups were fed WS treated with anhydrous ammonia ($WS_{NH3}$ group), untreated WS and yeast (WS+YEAST group) or WS treated with anhydrous ammonia and yeast ($WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group). Supplemented live yeast (4 g/d) was added in the diet. Lambs were offered untreated or ammonia treated WS ad-libitum and concentrate was fed at 1% of live body weight. The degradability of the water-insoluble (fraction B) was significantly increased by all of the treatment groups. Potential degradability (A+B), effective DM degradability's (pe2, pe5, and pe8) and average daily weight gain increased only in $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group (p<0.05). Voluntary DM intake was not increased by the treatments (p>0.05), but voluntary metabolizable energy and crude protein intake were increased by $WS_{NH3}$ and by $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST (p<0.05). Average daily rumen pH was not affected by any of the treatments, but average daily $NH_3$-N was significantly higher in the $WS_{NH3}$ and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups, and total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in the WS+YEAST and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups. In conclusion, the improvement of feed value of WS was better by the combination of ammonia-treatment and yeast supplementation compared to either treatment alone.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.175-210
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• 2012

As London and post-Koyto protocols presumably affect emission of organic waste in Korea in 2012, appropriate treatment of organic waste becomes very important. Organic wastes are regarded as non-point pollutants. It has been criticized that direct emission charges on the emission of non-point pollutants are not effective due to the high uncertainty in the relationship between pollution sources and pollution levels. This study suggests indirect emission charges on production of livestocks or consumption on foods. Furthermore, it is assumed that revenue from the emission charges will be recycled to support biogas production. Biogas can be fueled to produce energy. In order to evaluate potential economic and environmental impacts of recycling the indirect emission charges on organic wastes, a static CGE model was developed. Simulation results of emission charges on the production of livestock show that livestock, agriculture, and food industry will confront relatively high burden while emission charges on consumption of food will affect more broadly and consumers will suffer more. Production charge on livestock sector will lead to higher reduction in GDP and total expenditure relative to the consumption charge. GHGs reduction effect was higher for the consumption charge relative to the production charge. Synthetically, consumption charge on food sector is more desirable as an alternative charge for the emission of organic wastes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Worksite health promotion programs have been associated with reductions in health risks but are labor-intensive and costly to implement. Therefore, innovative strategies to provide a cost-effective approach to health education program are needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a worksite on-line health education program by email on metabolic syndrome risk factors and dietary intakes in male workers with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured and the nutrient intakes were assessed through FFQ. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was adapted from NCEP-ATP III with blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and Asia-Pacific definition with waist circumference. The education group consisted of 212 male workers and the non-education group of 236 age-matched male workers. The on-line health education program provided 10 sessions by e-mail. After a worksite on-line health education program, systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and fasting blood glucose (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased and HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001) was significantly increased in the education group. Intakes of total energy (p < 0.05), carbohydrate (p < 0.05), sodium (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased in the education group, but there were no significant differences in dietary intakes in the non-education group after a worksite on-line health education program. The results indicate that online health education program by e-mail is effective for improving metabolic syndrome risk factors and dietary intakes in male workers and show potential for use in the working setting.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.509-516
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• 1998

Thermoluminescence measurements were applied to the detection of seasoned-powered foods such as shellfish extract powder, seasoned marine products, Ramen soup powder and sardine extract powder whether they are irradiated or not. Correlation coefficients $(R^2)$ between irradiation doses and corresponding TL responses were more than 0.5966 in all samples and 0.9500 in Ramen soup powder. TL threshold value was pre-established for the detection of unknown Ramen soup powders by verifying TL responses with a re-irradiation step. Threshold values were maximum 1.37 for the nonirradiated samples and minimum 6.06 for the 2.5 kGy-irradiated samples. The samples showing values between 1.37 and 6.06 were subjected to a re-irradiation step for their detection, which results were reconfirmed by enumerating the total bacterial load of the detected samples. Pre-established threshold values were successfully applicable to the detection of 167 coded unknown samples, both nonirradiated and irradiated with gamma or electron-beam energy. In the assessment of irradiated doses, three calibration curves were pre-established by plotting TL intensity versus applied doses, of which a quadratic equation was obtained for the potential estimation of irradiated doses with some variations from the real doses.