• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2023

국내 구조물 기초설계기준은 전체 말뚝 수량의 1~3%에 대해 동재하시험 또는 정재하시험을 수행하도록 규정하였다. 나머지 약 97%에서 99% 말뚝의 시공 품질은 통상적으로 항타 관입량으로 관리한다. 대다수 말뚝에 적용되는 기존 관입량 관리방식에서 항타 에너지도 함께 고려하는 항타공식으로 말뚝의 시공 품질을 관리한다면 신뢰성이 향상될 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 기존 항타공식의 국내 말뚝 관리 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 하지만, 해외에서 만들어진 기존 항타공식들은 상대적으로 얕은 깊이에 풍화암이나 연암이 있으며 매입 말뚝을 주로 활용하는 국내 실정에 맞게 개선할 필요가 있다. 그러므로, Modified Gates 공식을 국내 데이터를 활용하여 개선하였고, 이를 활용한 말뚝 관리 가능성을 확인하였다. 개선된 공식은 적은 변수를 활용함에도, 동재하시험과 유사한 수준의 정확도로 매입 말뚝 지지력을 예측하였다. 제안된 항타공식은 향후 말뚝의 시공 품질관리에 실무적으로 잘 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.500-512
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• 2010

The relationship between food and nutrient intake, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight was investigated with high school girls residing in Seoul. As subjects, 159 girls were divided into a normal weight (NW) group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ $\leq$ BMI < 23 kg/$m^2$, n = 110) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI $\geq$ 23kg/$m^2$, n = 49) by body mass index (BMI). The food and nutrient intake data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Daily dietary GI (DGI) and dietary GL (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of NW were 52.4 kg and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ and those of OW were 65.2 kg and 25.4 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Total food, animal food, and other food intakes of NW were higher than those of OW, and vegetable food intakes of NW were lower than those of OW. Sugars intake of NW was significantly higher than OW. Nutrient intakes were not different between the two groups. Dietary fiber, calcium, and folate intakes of NW and OW were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pizza, ice cream, pork, instant noodle, and chicken. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was higher in NW (0.82) than in OW (0.80). Mean daily DGI of NW and OW was 66.5 and 66.4, respectively. Mean daily DGL of NW and OW was higher in NW (162.0) than in OW (155.9). DGI and DGL adjusted to energy intake were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2006

연안해역의 COD 항목 농도관리를 위해서는 유역 COD 오염부하량 조사 추정이 필요하나 현재 유역에서의 발생 오염부하량 추정식이 BOD 기준으로 제시되어 있는 실정이다. 해역 오염총량관리를 수행하기 위한 COD 오염부하량 추정식 개발은 많은 관측 및 시간이 소요될 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 시화호 및 인천 연안유역의 하천 및 공단배수 COD 농도, BOD 농도 비율 변화분석을 수행하였으며, 분석결과를 이용하여 COD 오염부하량 추정기법을 제시하였다. COD 오염부하량 추정은 기존의 BOD 오염부하량 원단위를 이용하여 추정한 방법에 환산계수를 곱하는 방법으로, 환산계수는 평균 + [$1{\sim}3$ 범위의 안전계수] ${\times}$표준편차로 계산할 수 있다. 본 연구결과에 의하면 시화호 및 인천연안의 COD 오염부하량 추정 환산계수는 안전계수 1, 2, 3인 경우 각각 1.7, 2.3, 2.9로 추정되었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.2398-2421
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• 2020

In third world countries like Pakistan, the production of electricity has been quickly reduced in past years due to rely on the fossil fuel. According to a survey conducted in 2017, the overall electrical energy capacity was 22,797MW, since the electrical grids have gone too old, therefore the efficiency of grids, goes down to nearly 17000MW. Significant addition of fossil fuel, hydro and nuclear is 64.2%, 29% and 5.8% respectively in the total electricity production in Pakistan. In 2018, the demand crossed 20,223MW, compared to peak generation of 15,400 to 15,700MW as by the Ministry of Water and Power. Country faces a deficit of almost 4000MW to 5000MW for the duration of 2019 hot summer term. Focus on one aspect considering Demand Side Management (DSM) cannot oversea the reduction of gap between power demand and customer supply, which eventually leads to the issue of load shedding. Hence, a scheduling scheme is proposed in this paper called RPSMDSM that is based on selection of those appliances that need to be only Turned-On, on priority during peak hours consuming minimum energy. The Home Energy Management (HEM) system is integrated between consumer and utility and bidirectional flow is presented in the scheme. During peak hours of electricity, the RPSMDSM is capable to persuade less power consumption and accomplish productivity in load management. Simulations show that RPSMDSM scheme helps in scheduling the electricity loads from peak price to off-peak price hours. As a result, minimization in electricity cost as well as (Peak-to-Average Ratio) PAR are accomplished with sensible waiting time.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2005

The Korean Water Quality Index (K-WQI) was applied to the rivers located in the watershed of Daecheong Lake to assess the status of river water quality, and propose potential target constituents for better water quality management in the watershed. The estimated K-WQI value for each river was varied from 70 to 90, and Youngdongcheon showed the worst score while Mujunamdeachen showed the best score. The total nitrogen (TN) and total coliform bacteria were identified as the most significant constituents that degrade the K-WQI values in the rivers. The correlation coefficients (r) were determined between K-WQI and the delivered specific load ($kg/km^2/yr$) of BOD, TN, and TP to justify potential target constituents that have a great influence on the improvement of K-WQI values. The results showed that TN (r=-0.86) and TP (r=-0.85) have a strong negative relationships with K-WQI, but BOD have almost no effect. This implies that BOD, the surrogate parameter for organic pollutants, is no more a feasible water quality variable for the water quality management in the study site.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.288-298
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• 2012

Lot sizing and shipment scheduling are two interrelated decisions made by a manufacturing plant and a third-party logistics distribution center. This paper analyzes a dynamic inbound ordering problem and shipment problem with a freight container cost, in which the order size of multiple products and single container type are simultaneously considered. In the problem, each ordered product placed in a period is immediately shipped by some freight containers in the period, and the total freight cost is proportional to the number of containers employed. It is assumed that the load size of each product is equal and backlogging is not allowed. The objective of this study is to simultaneously determine the lot-sizes and the shipment schedule that minimize the total costs, which consist of production cost, inventory holding cost, and freight cost. Because the problem is NP-hard, we propose three meta-heuristic algorithms: a simulated annealing algorithm, a genetic algorithm, and a new population-based evolutionary meta-heuristic called self-evolution algorithm. The performance of the meta-heuristic algorithms is compared with a local search heuristic proposed by the previous paper in terms of the average deviation from the optimal solution in small size problems and the average deviation from the best one among the replications of the meta-heuristic algorithms in large size problems.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2008

Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) is a core basin management system to assign total emissions of pollutants to unit basin and emission source within a limit of the target water quality and to secure sustainability. considering "Environment and development" together. By current technical guidance of TMDL, the water quality in the riverbed of which the target water quality is noticed, must achieve the target; and the water quality standard for evaluating achievement of the target should be prescribed as non-excessive probability quality of water on the basis of the pertinent water quality documents. Therefore, the study calculated the target water quality by each unit basin which the target water quality must be noticed through the analysis of probability for water quality documents in rivers at the time of establishing a plan, and the study evaluated the achievement possibility of the target water quality by analyzing and comparing the target water quality plan with the standard water quality to evaluate the achievement of the target water quality. As the result, applying the proposed method to Mihocheon River system, it is concluded that selected the target water quality (Each BOD 3.3mg/1 and BOD 3.0mg/1) in Miho A and Musim A is available. Of course, it showed that the target water quality: BOD 2.5mg/1 in Miho A and BOD 3.0mg/1 in Musim A, could be achieved if the small reduction in B unit area was implemented.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

농촌지역에서 야적퇴비가 비점오염원으로 작용하고 있으나, 정량적으로 분포 및 적재량이 산정되지 않아 야적퇴비가 유실되어 하천 수질에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 지상 LiDAR를 활용하여 UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)의 야적퇴비 데이터를 검증하고, 수동조종비행으로 UAV를 활용하여 야적퇴비 탐색 및 촬영 후 관리상태 및 적재량 변화를 파악함으로써, 수계에 미치는 영향을 판단하기 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 한다. 지상 LiDAR를 기준으로 정확도를 비교분석한 결과 DSM(Digital Surface Model)에 대해 약 0.21m 이내의 차이를 보이며 적재량의 정확도는 93.24%로 나타나, UAV 영상을 이용하여 야적퇴비의 적재량을 산출하고 활용하기에 충분하다고 판단된다. UAV를 활용하여 야적퇴비의 관리상태를 확인할 수 있었으며, 총 야적 퇴비 적재량은 $1,172.16m^3$, $1,461.66m^3$, $1,350.53m^3$순으로 나타나 야적퇴비 적재량 변화를 파악할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 UAV를 활용하여 효율적인 비점오염원 관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2014

마산만 표층퇴적물에서 미량금속의 오염도 및 잠재적 생태계 위해도를 평가하기 위하여 미량금속(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni)의 총 농도 및 화학적 존재형태를 분석하였다. 미량금속의 농도는 Ni을 제외한 모든 금속이 만의 내측에 위치한 마산항 주변에서 높게 나타났다. 미량금속의 화학적 존재형태 중 Cd과 Pb은 비잔류 부분이 각각 92%, 88%로 인위적 기원에 의해서 주로 공급되는 것으로 나타난 반면, Ni은 잔류 부분이 70%로 주로 자연적 기원에 의해서 공급된 것으로 나타났다. 미량금속의 오염도 및 생태계 위해도를 다양한 지수로 평가한 결과, pollution load index (PLI)는 만의 바깥쪽 정점을 제외한 모든 정점에서 1을 초과하여 인위적 오염 상태를 보였다. Ecological risk index (ERI)는 만의 내측에서 considerable 또는 moderate risk 수준이었으며, 만의 바깥쪽에서는 low risk 수준이었다. Cd의 ecological index (Ei) 값은 대부분의 정점에서 높게 나타났으며, Cd이 산가용성 부분에서 가장 높은 농도를 보여 Cd이 마산만에서 저서생물에게 잠재적으로 높은 위해도를 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.437-447
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• 2017

Explicit expressions for rapid prediction of inelastic design quantities (considering cracking of concrete) from corresponding elastic quantities, are presented for multi-storey composite frames (with steel columns and steel-concrete composite beams) subjected to service load. These expressions have been developed from weights and biases of the trained neural networks considering concrete stress, relative stiffness of beams and columns including effects of cracking in the floors below and above. Large amount of data sets required for training of neural networks have been generated using an analytical-numerical procedure developed by the authors. The neural networks have been developed for moments and deflections, for first floor, intermediate floors (second floor to ante-penultimate floor), penultimate floor and topmost floor. In the case of moments, expressions have been proposed for exterior end of exterior beam, interior end of exterior beam and both interior ends of interior beams, for each type of floor with a total of twelve expressions. Similarly, in the case of deflections, expressions have been proposed for exterior beam and interior beam of each type of floor with a total of eight expressions. The proposed expressions have been verified by comparison of the results with those obtained from the analytical-numerical procedure. This methodology helps to obtain the inelastic design quantities from the elastic quantities with simple calculations and thus would be very useful in preliminary design.