• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2020

The Fabaceae family are being used as traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant effects as well as the cell protecting effects of extracts of 5 species (Astragalus membranaceus, Caesalpinia sappan L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis F., Pueraria lobate O., Pterocarpus santalinus L.) in Fabaceae family. The extracts from 5 species were tested by radical scavenging activity test, total phenolic contents and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Anti-oxidant effects of the extracts (5 mg/mL) from C. sappan was 93.49% by radical scavenging activity test. In addition, A. membranaceus extracts showed a weak radical scavenging activity. Anti-oxidant effects of the extracts (5 mg/mL) from A. membranaceus was 7.83% by radical scavenging activity test. Total phenolic contents of the extracts from C. sappan and A. membranaceus were 310.93 mg GAE/g extract, 15.33 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Cell protecting effects against H₂O₂ treatment were observed at 100 ㎍/mL concentration of C. sappan and P. santalinus extracts. These results suggest that C. sappan and P. santalinus might be best anti-oxidant in Fabaceae family.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2017

Background: Recently, protein from ginseng was studied and used for the treatment of several kinds of diseases. However, the effect of ginseng total protein (GTP) on proliferation and wound healing in fibroblast cells remains unclear. Methods: In this study, cell viability was analyzed using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometer. The levels of transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagens were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of cyclin A, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK1/2), and ERK1/2 were analyzed by Western blotting. Results: Our results showed that GTP promoted cell proliferation and increased the percentage of cells in S phase through the upregulation of cyclin A in NIH/3T3 cells. We also found that GTP induced the secretion of type I collagen, and promoted the expression of other factors that regulate the synthesis of collagen such as transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$ and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at Thr202/Tyr204 was also increased by GTP. Conclusion: Our studies suggest that GTP promoted proliferation and secretion of collagen in NIH/3T3 cells by activating the ERK signal pathway, which shed light on a potential function of GTP in promoting wound healing.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7155-7159
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• 2015

Background: Oral cancer is a health problem in Thailand. Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum Gogel (Teawdang), normally consumed in northeast Thailand, has proven cytotoxic to cervical cancer cell lines including HeLa, SiHa and C-33A. Recently, Asian oral cancer cell lines, ORL-48 and ORL-136, were established. Therefore, we aimed to study cytotoxicity of Teawdang in these. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of Teawdang were also determined. Materials and Methods: Teawdang was purchased from Khon Kaen market during June-October 2013. Hexane (CHE), ethyl acetate (CEE) and methanol (CME) extracts of its edible part were analyzed for TPC by the folin-ciocalteau method and for TFC by an aluminium colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity in normal Vero cells and oral cancer cells were investigated. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Results: CME and CEE had higher TPC and TFC and antioxidant activity than CHE. Both CME and CEE, at $200{\mu}g$ dry wt/mL, were cytotoxic to the studied oral cancer cell lines. However, CME was cytotoxic to Vero cells whereas CEE was not. Compared to Vero cells, CEE significantly inhibited ORL-48 and ORL-136 growth (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively). Conclusions: CEE exhibited cytotoxic effects on the studied oral cancer cell lines but not normal Vero cells. The bioactive compounds in CEE should be further purified and elucidated for their mechanisms of action for development as anticancer agents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.453-460
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• 2020

Background: BIOGF1K, a fraction of Panax ginseng, has desirable antimelanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiphotoaging properties that could be useful for treating skin conditions. Because its potential positive effects on allergic reactions in skin have not yet been described in detail, this study's main objective was to determine its efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the compounds in BIOGF1K, and we used the (3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method to determine its cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cell lines. RBL-2H3 cells were induced using both anti-DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and calcium ionophore (A2187) treatments, whereas HMC-1 cells were induced using A2187 alone. To measure mast cell degranulation, we performed histamine (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and β-hexosaminidase assays. To quantify interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in RBL-2H3 cells, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR); to quantify expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells, we used semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, we detected the total and phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase proteins by immunoblotting. Results: BIOGF1K decreased the AD response by reducing both histamine and β-hexosaminidase release as well as reducing the secretion levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in RBL-2H3 cells and IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells. In addition, BIOGF1K decreased MAPK pathway activation in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cells. Conclusions: BIOGF1K attenuated the AD response, hence supporting its use as a promising and natural approach for treating AD.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Seungyangjeseup-tang on obesity by using 3T3-L1 cells and high fat diet mice. Methods In vitro, Seungyangjeseup-tang extract (SYJST) (10, 50, 100, 200, 400, $800{\mu}g/mL$) ware added in 3T3-L1 cells. SYJST cytotoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assasy. Adipocyte differentiation was measured by Oil Red-O staining. In vivo, the experimental animals were divided into five groups: normal diet-fed normal group (N), high-fat diet (HFD)-fed control group (Con), HFD+SYJST 100 mg/kg group (SY100), HFD+SYJST 200 mg/kg group (SY200), and HFD+olistat 60 mg/kg as a positive drug control group (Orli). Markers of obesity, such as body weight, liver weight, food intake, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), liver tissue TC, TG and fecal TC, TG were measured. Results In vitro, cytotoxicity was not significant compared with the control group. 3T3-L1 cell's differentiation was significantly decreased in Oil Red-O staining. In vivo, compared with controls, mice treated with SYJST demonstrate lower body and liver weight, and reduced food intake. In addition, SYJST increased TC, TG in the serum but not significance. And SYJST showed decreasing tendency TC, TG in the liver tissue. Furthermore, SYJST increased TC, TG in the facal but not significance. Conclusions Based on the results above, Seungyangjeseup-tang may reduce adipocyte differentiation, body fat, food intake, liver weight in obesity. This suggests that Seungyangjeseup-tang may be clinically useful in obesity treatment.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1092-1096
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• 2008

Commercial food products from major cities of Coahuila, Mexico were screened to identify residues of transgenic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and/or proteins. After performed, an inventory on all products that contained a soybean-based ingredient in a commercial grocery store in the city of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, 245 food products were identified and grouped in 15 classes according to the soybean ingredient as well as the manufacturing process used for their elaboration. Similar sampling was made for the different food classes in the cities of Monclova, Piedras Negras, and Torreon. A total of 88 samples were analyzed and DNA was extracted by the hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) technique with slight modification to obtain better DNA quality (1). In addition, segments of the transgenic genes one that codifies for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps), cry 1A, and the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The transgenic proteins 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) and insecticidal crystal protein (Cry 1Ab/Ac) were identified using double antibody sandwich-enzymatic linked immunoassay analysis (DAS-ELISA). Presence of transgenic genes and/or proteins was identified in 35.3% of the commercial products samples.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2014

Objectives : To investigate the anti-cancer effect of Palbohoichoon-tang (PBHCT) extracts. Methods : The cell viability was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MMT) assay and cell morphological changes were microscopically analyzed after staining with $10{\mu}M$ 2-[4-amidinophenyl]-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) and TUNEL. We also analyzed expression of Bcl2, $Bcl_{xL}$, Bax, procaspase-3, procaspase-9, and procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) by western blot method. Results : Observations showed that PBHCT induced the apoptotic cell death proved by increased sub-G1 phase cell population, apoptotic body formation and chromatin condensation. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed that the PBHCT induced cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, PBHCT dose-dependently increased the activity of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP-1. Furthermore, PBHCT reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl2, $Bcl_{xL}$ expression which contributed to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activations of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Conclusions : These findings suggest that PBHCT exerts anti-cancer effects on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by inducing apoptotic death via down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl2 and $Bcl_{xL}$, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, and activation of caspase cascades and PARP-1.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.858-862
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of methanolic extracts from Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet (STE). STE ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed $43.33\;{\mu}M$ of total phenolic content, 64.43% of radical scavenging activity, and 0.157 of reducing power. In addition, the effect of STE on $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage in human leucocytes was evaluated by the comet assay, where STE was a dose dependent inhibitor of DNA damage induced by $200{\mu}M$ of $H_2O_2$. The protective effect of STE against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage on PC12 cells was investigated by an 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. After 2 hr of cell exposure to $H_2O_2\;(500\;{\mu}M)$, a marked reduction in cell survival was observed. However, this reduction was significantly prevented by $1-50\;{\mu}g/mL$ of STE. Therefore, these results suggest that STE could be a new antioxidant candidate against neuronal diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2004

This study was carried out to separate immunoglobulin G(IgG) from colostrum using reverse micellar extraction of cationic surfactant and to suggest suitable extraction conditions. The reconstituted colostrum powder was solubilized into a reverse micellar phase containing CDAB(cetyldimethylethyl ammonium bromide) by mixing equal volume of the aqueous and organic phase with constant stirring. The solubilization of proteins from the aqueous to the organic phase was manipulated by pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase and concentration of surfactant in the organic phase. Based on the SDS-PAGE and densitometry, about more than 90% of initial IgG was remained in the aqueous phase after reverse micellar extraction. Although the aqueous phase contained lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin as minor components, about 93% of the total protein was IgG. The efficient extraction was achieved by the reaction of sodium phosphate buffer(pH 8) containing 50 mM KCl and organic phase containing 100 mM CDAB. The separation of IgG using reverse micellar extraction was simple, highly efficient and easy to be scaled up.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.744-748
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• 2010

2,3,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzoic acid, an important intermediates of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, was synthesized from tetrachloride phthalic anhydride through imidation, fluorination, hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The effects of phase transfer catalyst on imidation and fluorination reaction and the effects of surfactants on the hydrolysis reaction were studied, respectively. Experimental results showed that the imidation reaction time was greatly reduced in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, hexadecyltrimethyl, resulting in imidation yield as high as 98.2%. The fluorination yield reached 81.3% when tetrabutylammonium bromide was chosen as a phase transfer catalyst. The hydrolysis reaction time was also decreased by adding hexadecyltrimethyl while increasing the yield to 88.6%. In the post-processing, the sublimation method was used to purify the product, and ideal effect was obtained. In the decarboxylation reaction, tetrafluoride phthalic acid was obtained by decarboxylation in the solvent of tri-n-butyl amine and decarboxylation yield reached 81.6%. Compared with the literature method, the overall reaction time of the improved method decreased from 53 h to 20.5 h and the total yield increased from 47.3% to 57.4%.