• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-73
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• 1979

These studies were conducted to investigate nutrient sources and supplementary materials of synthetic compost media for Agaricus bisporus culture. Investigation were carried out to establish the optimum composition for compost of Agaricus bisporus methods of out-door fermentation and peakheating with rice straw as the main substrate of the media. The incidence and flora of harmful organisms in rice straw compost and their control were also studied. 1. When rice straw was used as the main substrate in synthetic compost as a carbon source. yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw, and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. 2. Since the morphological and physico-chemical nature of Japonica and Indica types of rice straw are greatly dissimilar. there were apparent differences in the process of compost fermentation. Fermentation of Indica type straw proceeded more rapidly with a shortening the compost period, reducing the water supply, and required adding of supplementary materials for producing stable physical conditions. 3. Use of barley straw compost resulted in a smaller crop compared with rice straw. but when a 50%, barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. 4. There were extremely high positive correlations between yield of Agaricus bisporus and the total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino acids, amides and amino sugar nitrogen content of compost. The mycerial growth and fruit body formation were severely inhibited by ammonium nitrogen. 5. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. 6. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of Agaricus bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients were: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. 7. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation by-products which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. B. When gypsum and zeolite were added to rice straw. physical deterioration of compost due to excess moisture and caramelization was observed. The Indica type of straw was more remarkable in increase of yield of Agricus bisporus by addition of supplementing materials than Japonica straw. 9. For preparing rice straw compost, the best mixture was prepared by 10% poultry manure, 5% perilla meal, 1. 2 to 1. 5% urea and 1% gypsum. At spring cropping, it was good to add rice bran to accelerate heat generation of the compost heap. 10. There was significantly high positive correlation (r=0.97) between accumulated temperature and the decomposition degree of compost during outdoor composting. The yield was highest at accumulated temperatures between 900 and $1,000^{\circ}C$. 11. Prolonging the composting period brought about an increase in decomposition degree and total nitrogen content, but a decrease in ammonium nitrogen. In the spring the suitable period of composting was 20 to 25 days. and about 15 days in autumn. For those periods, the degree of decomposition was 19 to 24%. 12. Compactness of wet compost at filling caused an increase in the residual ammonium nitrogen. methane and organic acid during peak heating. There was negative correlation between methane content and yield (r=0.76)and the same was true between volatile organic acid and yield (r=0.73). 13. In compost with a moisture content range between 69 to 80% at filling. the higher the moisture content, the lower the yield (r=0.78). This result was attributed to a reduction in the porosity of compost at filling the beds. The optimum porosity for good fermentation was between 41 and 53%. 14. Peak heating of the compost was essential for the prevention of harmful microorganisms and insect pests. and for the removal of excess ammonia. It was necessary to continue fer mentatiion for four days after peak heating. 15. Ten species of fungi which are harmful or competitive to Agaricus bisporus were identified from the rice compost, including Diehliomyces microsporus, Trichoderma sp. and Stysanus stemoites. The frequency of occurrance was notably high with serious damage to Agaricus bisporus. 16. Diehliomyces microsporus could be controlled by temperature adjustment of the growing room and by fumigating the compost and the house with Basamid and Vapam. Trichoderma was prevented by the use of Bavistin and Benomyl. 17. Four species of nematodes and five species of mites occured in compost during out-door composting. These orgnanisms could be controlled through peakheating compost for 6 hours at $60^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.920-926
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• 2010

Marine alga, Chlorella vulgaris, was extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) solvents for lipid extraction at $35^{\circ}C$ for five hours (HCM-35) and its process was compared with conventional lipid extraction condition such as chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) at $65^{\circ}C$ for one hour (CM-65). This low temperature extraction process showed that 80% of total lipid was extracted and its residues contained relatively unchanged amounts of intact proteins and other minerals as well as amino acid profiles. Interestingly enough, the weight fraction of carbohydrate in the residues slightly increased due to less denaturation at low process temperature. The biological activities of the residues such as cytotoxicity and immune cell growth activation were not much changed after being extracted. The sensory evaluation were found to be very favorable for being used as a food additive and/or food supplement. This result could also help to maintain the economic feasibility of utilizing marine resources in food and other relevant industries.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2013

There are several loci controlling the feather color of birds, of which one of the most studied is Extended black (E) encoding the melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R). Mutations in this gene affect the relative distribution of eumelanin, phaeomelanin. The association of feather color and sequence polymorphism in the melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R) gene was investigated using Korean native chicken H breed (H_PL) and 'Woorimatdag' commercial chickens (Woorimatdag_CC). In order to correlate gene mutation to Korean native chicken feather color, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from MC1R gene sequence were investigated. A total of 307 birds from H_PL and Woorimatdag_CC were used. H_PL have black, black-brown feather color and Woorimatdag_CC have black with brown spots or brown with black spots. There are 6 SNPs in MC1R gene, locus T69C, C212T, A274G, G376A, G636A, T637C. 3 SNPs are nonsynonymous that change amino acid. But it is difficult to find correlation of feather color and polymorphisms. It will be needed to increase the population of Korean native chicken H breed and correlation analysis of genetic variation with feather colors.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.86-93
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• 2018

This present study was conducted to develop the domestic cultivation kit using water celery(Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.) seed. As the result of germination rates in 3 type inbred lines, the IT 232354 had the highest initial germination rate and final germination rate, and was selected as the inbred line to be used in the cultivation kit. The development of the domestic cultivation kit was carried out using the IT 232354 seeds. It was possible to cultivate up to 3 times harvest using the same root in this cultivation kit, though the growth decreased rapidly in the $4^{th}$ cultivation. As a result of investigating the effects of the type of nutrient solution on growth of water celery, the overall growth was the lowest in the nutrient solution for Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.(N.S.D.). The shoot growth was similar to that of nutrient solution for leaves and stem vegetables (N.S.L.S.) and amino acid fermentation by-product liquid (A.F.B.L.), however in the root growth, the N.S.L.S. was more effective than A.F.B.L. When it was harvested 4 times consecutively after 1 time of planting, the last survival ratio of A.F.B.L. was 100% while their ratios were 96.4% and 49.8% each for N.S.L.S. and N.S.D. For the growth by cultivation kit type, the hole type cultivation kit increased slightly compared to the 3 hole type cultivation kit in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ harvest, but there was no difference in the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ harvest. Total yield of one cultivation kits showed the 3 hole type cultivation kit is much higher than the 2 hole type cultivation kit. According to the results of this experiment, it is possible to harvest three times by planting one times if it was cultivated using N.S.L.S. and A.F.B.L. in the 3 hole type cultivation kit.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 1993

A bacterium which degrades efficiently synthetic detergents was isolated from the polluted waters, activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants or polluted soil. This bacterium showed considerably higher growth rate in the agar plate containing $2,000{\mu}g/ml$ of synthetic detergents than any other isolated strains, was identified as a Pseudomonas fluorescens or strains similar to it. The strain was named as a Pseudomonas fluorescens S1. Optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the Pseudomonas fluorescens S1 were pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The strain was resistant to streptomycin and gentamycin, but sensitive to kanamycin. The strain was greatly resistant to zinc chloride, lead nitrate and copper sulfate, but unable to grow in the presence of relatively low concentrations of mercury chloride and silver nitrate. This strain utilized benzene, catechol, cyclohexane and xylene as a sole carbon source. The strain was well grown in the medium containing ABS 10,000${\mu}g$/ml. Degradation of ABS was 55% and 60% at 20${\mu}g$/ml and 100${\mu}g$/ml of ABS, respectively. Benzene ring was degraded 45% in 100${\mu}g$/ml of ABS. During the incubation of the strain in the medium containing ABS 100${\mu}g$/ml and COD 10,000${\mu}g$/ml for 4 days, degradation of ABS and COD were reduced to 40${\mu}g$/ml and 3,200${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. Total amino acid content of the Pseudomonas fluorescens S1 grown with 1,000${\mu}g$/ml of ABS was 115mg/g cell, whereas its content was decreased in the bacterium grown without synthetic detergent by 9.4%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.126-138
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• 1985

A study was made on the effect of anti-nutritional factors found in some Korean beans : soybean, red bead, mung bean and kidney bean. Two animal experiments were conducted to investigate the nutritional value of the beans. The first experiment, in which the diet contained 15% protein from raw beans, compared the intensity of inhibition caused by methionine deficiency or a total amino acid deficiency. In the second experiment, the conditions were the same as in experiment I, except that heated beans were substituted for raw beans. Severe growth inhibition and high mortality was found in the raw kidney bean and red bean groups than in the soybean and mung bean groups. As no effect on the growth inhibition of raw bean groups was shown by methionine and protein supplementation, the inhibition could be ascribed mainly to the low feed intake and the low protein digestibility caused by toxic factors. Pancreatic enlargement was obserbed in all the raw bean groups. A increase in body weight, a decrease in mortality and a decrease in the weight pancreases were found in the heated bean groups. But the digestility of the diet and of the protein and the PER by heating did not increase as markedly as weight, except in the heated red bean groups. Even with heat treatment, the whole inhibitory action could not be eliminated.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the parameters such as nutrient requirements, POY, AnV, Totox, VBN, total plate count, dietary fatty acids and amino acids composition, that are not included in the registered standard composition items required by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, of a moist pellet (MP), three domestic extruded pellets (DEP-1, DEP-2, DEP-3), and two foreign extruded pellets (FEP-1, FEP-2) that are utilized by domestic flounder farms at present. The crude protein was added in excess of the dietary protein requirement in 6 kinds of feeds. When considering the proper PH ratio, it is obvious that protein was added in excess, especially in MP and FEP-2. Crude fat was also added in excess, especially in FEP-1. MP contained a higher dietary phosphorus content than formulated feeds, surpassing the dietary phosphorus requirement and greatly increasing the possibility for causing water pollution. The oxidation of fatty acid and decomposition of protein in MP were higher than in formulated feeds, and may also cause problems on fish farms. Also, it is difficult to store and manage MP, Among the fatty acids, EPA and DHA contents in MP were higher than those in formulated feeds. It is necessary to conduct further studies of EPA and DHA contents in formulated feeds. Lysine content in MP and FEP-2 could meet the dietary lysine requirement of flounder, however, the possibility of insufficient lysine content in the other formulated feeds was high and we considered that extra supplementation was necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to set up quality control standards according to fish species and sizes while considering the specific character of aquatic formulated feeds to restore the confidence of feed companies and aquaculturists to these feeds. This may be an opportunity to make an earlier change from MP to formulated feeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 1981

Silage yield and nutritional values of a locally collected Korean corn line with high tillering and earing characteristics were investigated at plant densities from 2778 to 8333 plants/ l0a. This line and a non-tillering and nonprolific corn as a check were grown at four plant densities and at three planting dates. The Korean local line abbreviated as MET had the highest dry matter per l0a. The highest dry matter of the MET line compared with the check hybrid was due to the highest dry leaf weight of the MET line. The highest dry leaf weight of the MET line was due to the increased number of tillers of the MET line. Other plant parts such as ear weight, kernel weight and cob weight of the MET line were lower than those of the check hybrid. The dry husk weight per l0a of the MET line was higher than that of the check hybrid, probably due to the increased number of ears in the MET line. The total embryo production per 10 a of the MET line was significantly higher than that of the check hybrid. The increased portion of embryo of the MET line is probably responsible for the higher TON values of the MET line. No interaction between variety x planting dates or planting density was found, indicating that the MET line and check hybrid were both the same in effects of planting dates and densities. Both line and hybrid showed the highest dry matter production when the planting density was high and planting dates was early. When silage was made from either MET line or check hybrid the nutritional values in terms of crude protein, crude fat, fiber, and ash contents of the MET line were similar to those of the check hybrid. But the TON of the MET line was higher than that of the check hybrid, while the OCP of the MET line lower than that of the check hybrid. Amino acid contents of the MET line were also comparable to those of the check hybrid, while lysine content of the MET line was 10% higher than that of the check hybrid.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to study the sparing effects of animal proteins on weight gain, nutrients utilizability and economic analysis of broiler. Experiment diet contained different ratio of animal and plant protein and were supplemented different levels of methionine and lysine for the respective protein levels. A total of 264 broiler chicks were fed four diets of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for 42 days from April 7, 1990 to May 19, 1990. Dietary protein levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for starter and finisher were 20~18, 18~16, 18~16 and 22~20%, respectively. Methionine and lysine levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 0.4~1.1, 0.44~1.21, 0.48~1.32 and 0.48~1.32% for starter diet, respectively, and were 0.32~0.90. 0.35~0.99, 0.38~1.08 and 0.38~1.08% for finisher diet, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The birds fed control diet gained most for overall period. $T_3$ treatment which was high in protein, methionine and lysine levels gained most for finisher period. 2 The birds fed control diet consumed most feed, and the birds fed T$_3$ diet consumed least feed. for overall period. Feed conversion during 1~4 weeks was better in $T_1$ (1.51) and $T_2$ (1.53) than in control (1.61) and $T_3$ (1.63) . During 4~6weeks, feed conversion was better in $T_3$ (1.37) and control(1.58) than T, (2.05) and T, (2.16) (P＜0.01) 3. Dry matter, crude fiber and NFE utilizability were increased for 1~4 weeks and decreased for 4~6 weeks as methionine and lysine levels increased and crude protein utilizability tended to be increased as protein levels increased. 4. Abdominal fat content was lowest in bird fed control diet and was high in birds fed low protein diet Carcass percentage was highest at control and the abdominal fat content was higher in bird fed lower protein diet than bird fed other protein diets(P＜0.05). 5. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lowest at $T_3$ which contained more soybean oil meal than other feeds and next was control. According to the results of this experiment, it was revealed that optimum protein, methionine and lysine levels for starter and finisher broiler diet were 20~18, 0.4~0.32 and 1.1~0.9%, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.451-459
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• 2011

We investigated melting points and sensory characteristics by adding rice bran and roasted soybean to the finishing diet of Hanwoo steers. Thirty-six Hanwoo steers (average age, 20.92 mon-old; average weight, 599.89 kg) were assigned to either Control, Treatment 1 (rice bran) or Treatment 2 (roasted soybean) groups (12 steers/group), considering body weight and age. Supplementation levels of rice bran and roasted soybean were determined to meet total 5% crude fat in the concentrates, and the experimental animals were fed for 314 d until they reached 31.2 mon old. No significant differences were found in the moisture and crude fat content among groups. Melting points of lipid extracted from M. longissimus dorsi, subcutaneous fat, and perirenal fats were 25.83-26.17, 17.26-18.53 and $32.40-33.15^{\circ}C$, respectively, resulting in remarkable differences depending on fat depots. Contents of free amino acids in M. longissimus dorsi related to sweet taste were 39.48 mg/100 g for Treatment 1, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those for Control (32.24 mg/100 g), whereas those related to bitter taste were 25.93 mg/100 g for Treatment 2, which was the lowest (p<0.05) among the groups. Fatty acid composition, such as $C_{14:0}$, $C_{16:0}$, $C_{16:1}$, $C_{18:0}$, and $C_{18:1}$, in M. longissimus dorsi was not different among the groups. Results of a panel test on M. longissimus dorsi showed that Treatment 1 scored the highest (p<0.05) in juiciness, and both Treatments 1 and 2 scored higher (p< 0.05) in overall palatability than the Control group. $C_{18:1}$ showed a positive (+) relationship with tenderness (r = 0.650; p<0.05), and $C_{18:0}$ with flavor (0.698; p<0.05). The results suggest that rice bran and roasted soybean are beneficial for improving M. longissimus dorsi sensory characteristics, whereas no significant differences were found in the physico-chemical characteristics among the groups.