• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

In this study, we determined lipid content, total fatty acid composition, trans fatty acid(tFA) content, and acid value of twenty black-bean-sauce noodles collected in Seoul city area. Total lipid contents of twenty samples were determined to be 3.33~9.23% on wet base. Total unsaturated fatty acids were from 47.83% to 83.18%(mainly oleic and linoleic acid). Total saturated fatty acids ranged from 16.06% to 51.48%. Besides, tFA contents in total lipid of samples were ranged from 0.38% to 1.39%, equivalent to 20 to 80mg per 100g of black-bean-sauce noodles. Acid values of lipids extracted from samples ranged from 0.56 to 2.88.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2003

Lipid composition and fatty acid composition were characterized in the membrane of a marine ciliate protozoan (Uronema marinum). Phospholipids accounted for 70% of total lipid, and the remainder was neutral lipids. Total phospholipids were separated as phosphatidylcholine $(24.26\%)$, phosphatidylethanolamine $(22.21\%)$, phosphatidylinositol $(6.14\%)$, phosphatidyl­serne $(5.11\%)$, cardiolipin $(3.07\%)$ and unidentified phospholipids $(28.72\%)$ through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids was determined by gas chromatography (GC), based solely on comparision of retention times. In neutral lipids, the most abundant fatty acid group was monounsaturated fatty acid $(48.3\% of total fatty acids)$ with oleic acid (18:1) and nervonic acid (24:1). Saturated fatty acids comprised $29.6\%$ of total fatty acids, with palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) ane myristic acid (14:0), and polyunsaturated fatty acid accounted for $33.0\%$ with $Di-homo-\gamma-linolenic$ acid (20:3) and linoleic acid (18:2). Wherease phospholipids predominantly contained the fatty acid group in the following order: polyunsaturated fatty acids $(52.7\%\;of\;total\;fatty\;acids)$ with linoleic acid (18:2) and $\gamma-linolenic$ acid (18:3) > monounsaturated fatty acids $(28.5\%\;of\;total\;fatty\;acids)$ with oleic acid (18:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) > saturated fatty acids $(25.5\%\;of\;total\;fatty\;acids)$ with palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and myristic acid (14:0).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1991

This study attempted to set up reasonable extraction time of Omija that was put in water for the various components to soak out. Changes of free sugars, organic acids, reducing sugar, total acid and tannin in Omija with various extraction times were investigated (together with the analysis of each components in Omija fruit). 1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed fructose, glucose, and sucrose to be the major free sugars of the Omija fruit. Free sugars and reducing sugar value in Omija beverage increased gradually in according with the extraction time, and marked 75.6% per total free sugars and 82.1% per total reducing sugar at 12 hours. 2. Gas Chromatography showed lactic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, levulinic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid and pyroglutamic acid to be the major organic acids of the Omija fruit. Organic acids and total acids value in Omija beverage increased gradually on proportion to extraction time, and marked 97.0% per total organic acids at 9 hours and 79.0% per total acids at 12 hours. 3. Tannin content in Omija beverage was increased when extraction time was longer but it showed a low percentage as compared with the reducing sugar and total acid. Tannin content marked 48.8% per total tannin at 12 hours. 4. Sensory evaluation revealed that !1 hours of extraction produced the best quality products based in taste, flavor, color and over-all acceptability, considering the data, it seems possible to conclude that the optimum of time for extraction of Omija to water is 9 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.681-686
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the chemical component of Camellia japonica L. according to picking time. Leaves of Camellia japonica L. were picked in April and May,2003. Free sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose) and organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid) were present in the Camellia japonica L. leaf. The contents of total free sugars and organic acids increased as picking time was delayed. The major components of free amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and histidine, and those of total amino acids were histidine and alanine. The contents of total free amino acids and total amino acids were decreased as picking time was delayed, while the ratio of essential amino acids to the total amino acids increased. The amount of minerals (P, Ca, K, Na and Fe), chlorophyll and total polyphenol increased as picking time was delayed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2003

We investigated the role of ascorbic acid on the redox status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the plasma of diabetic rats, the ratio of reduced/total ascorbic acid was significantly decreased as compared with normal control. Ascorbic acid supplementation increased the reduced and total ascorbic acid contents as compared with diabetic control. In the rutintreatment group, reduced and total contents of ascorbic acid were significantly decreased, however, the ratio of reduced/total contents of ascorbic acid had no difference as compared with diabetic rats. In the insulin-treatment group, this ratio is not significantly different as compared with diabetic control. However, in the insulin plus ascorbic acid treatment group, reduced form and the ratio of reduced/total ascorbic acid were significantly increased as compared with diabetic control. In addition, we measured the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma of diabetic rats. The contents of MDA was increased as compared with normal control, however, in insulin-treatment group, the contents of MDA was decreased as compared with diabetic rats. Ascorbic acid had no effects on the increases of MDA in diabetic rats. In conclusion, plasma ascorbic acid level and its reduced/total ratio reflects the status of the oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. Supplement of ascorbic acid did not correct the ratio of the reduced/total ascorbic acid. However, supplement of insulin and ascorbic acid corrected the ratio of reduced/total ascorbic acid.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2010

The sensitivity of aerosol light extinction coefficient to the aerosol chemical composition change is estimated by (1) calculating the aerosol water content and chemical concentrations by a gas/particle equilibrium model and (2) calculating the aerosol light extinction coefficient by a Mie theory based optical model. The major chemical species are total (gas and particle phase) sulfuric acid, total nitric acid, and total ammonia which are based on the measurement data at Seoul and Gosan. At Seoul, since there were enough ammonia to neutralize both total sulfuric acid and total nitric acid, the dry ionic concentration is most sensitive to the variation of the total nitric acid level, while the total mass concentration (ionic concentration plus water content) and thus, the aerosol light extinction coefficient are primarily determined by the total sulfuric acid. At Gosan, since the concentration of ambient sulfuric acid was the highest among the inorganic species, sulfate salts determined aerosol hygroscopicity. Thus, both ionic and total mass concentration, and resultant aerosol light extinction coefficient are primarily determined by the sulfuric acid level.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.318-325
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• 1998

To investigate changes in protein and total lipid contents, seed storage protein pattern, and fatty acid composition of germination perilla(Perilla frutescens) seeds. Also, the corresponding value components in cotyledons, hypocotyles and roots were measured according to germination stage. The results were summarized as follows ; During germination, pertein and total lipid contents of Yepsilldalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were decreased continuously. In particular, protein contents rapidly decreased to the 3 days after germination(DAG), and then total lipid contents rapidly decreased between 3 DAG and 10 DAG. In changes of protein and total lipid contents of cotyledons, protein contents of Yeupsildalggae was increased during the germination, but Kwangyang cultivar was decreased during the same periods. The total lipids contents of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were decreased during the germination. According to SDS-PAGE analysis, there was no detectible polypeptide bands on the gel before seed germination suggesting that this may be due to the rapid degradation of the storage proteins in the mature seed by hydrolyttic enzymes during the stage. During germinatation , the polypeptide band with 27$\sim$28KD of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were accumulated gradually. In changes of fatty acid composition of total lipid of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar , saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid increased during the germination. On the other hand, unsaturated fatty acid such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased during the same periods. However, oleic acid increased to the 5 DAG, and then was repidly decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.499-506
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the taste components of cheonggukjang made with germinated soybeans, which is produced by the addition of a smoking process. The total organic acid content of smoked cheonggukjang made with germinated soybeans (SCGS) was four times higher than that of non-smoked cheonggukjang made with non-germinated soybeans (NCNS). The total organic acid content of SCGS was lower than that of non-smoked cheonggukjang made with germinated soybeans (NCGS). The total free sugar content of NCGS and SCGS was approximately three times higher than that of NCNS. The total free amino acid content of NCGS was significantly decreased compared with that of NCNS, whereas the total free amino acid content of SCGS was 1.2 times higher than that of NCGS. The essential amino acid content of SCGS was significantly increased compared with that of NCGS. The ratio of glutamic acid to the total free amino acid in NCNS and SCGS was 19.6%. Similarly, the ratio of glutamic acid to the total free amino acid in NCGS was 19.1%. There were no significant differences in the total fatty acid content of NCNS, NCGS, and SCGS. The sensory evaluation of appearance, aroma, taste, and overall quality of SCGS was significantly increased compared with that of NCNS and NCGS. These results suggest that smoked cheonggukjang made with germinated soybeans could be utilized for the development of a novel fermented food.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.350-355
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• 2009

In this research, fatty acid composition and trans fatty acids of 22 selected meat products produced by Turkish companies were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total fat contents of the meat products ranged from 11.60-42.50%. Salami had the lowest fat content 11.60% and sucuk (soudjuk) the highest 42.50%. Major fatty acids were C$_{16:0}$, C$_{18:0}$, trans C$_{18:1}$, cis C$_{18:1}$, and C$_{18:2}$ in the samples. Total unsaturated fatty acid contents have changed from 38.73 to 70.71% of total fatty acids, and sausage had the highest percentage among the samples. The majority of samples contain trans fatty acids and the level ranged from 2.28 to 7.95% of the total fatty acids. The highest amount of total trans fatty acids was determined in kavurma (Cavurmas) (7.95%), and total trans fatty acids of meat products such as pastrami contained more than 5% of the total fatty acids.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.E1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

One technique for determining dry acid deposition fluxes involves measurement of time - averaged ambient concentrations of dry acid deposition species using filter packs (FP) coupled with estimates of mean deposition velocities for the exposure period. A critical problem associated with filter pack data comparisons between various field sampling networks is the use of diverse sampling flow rates and duration protocols. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying sampling flow rates, from 1.5 to 10 standard liters per minute, on total nitrate and sulfate measurements of specific dry acid deposition species . Collocated FP samplers were used to determine sampling and analysis data reproducibility and representativeness . Ambient air samples were simultaneously collected using groups of filter packs operated at various flow rates over identical 7 day periods. The species measured were sulfur dioxide, particulate sulfate , nitric acid and particulate nitrate. Statistical results (ANOVA; alpha level 5%) showed that neither the low nor high sampling flow rates caused a significant difference in the measurements of total sulfate and adjusted total nitrate (ATN) . However, it was concluded that for high flow rate sampling measurements, total nitrate (TN) could be affected during extended sampling durations because of potential nitric acid overloading and breakthrough. Although the previous workers (Costello, 1990; Quillian, 1990) used much higher sampling flow rates (~ 17 sLpm) than employed here, it was assumed that for a high loading (> 50$\mu\textrm{g}$ HNO$_3$) of nitric acid on the Nylon filters, a significant fraction (~10%) of nitric acid could pass through the Nylon filters and be collected on the carbonate impregnated filters. It was concluded that even at the highest sampling flow rate employed (10 sLpm) at the Cary Forest site, nitric acid breakthrough was less than 10% of the total HNO$_3$ collected. However, for a heavily polluted urban airshed or with longer sampling times , higher filter loadings could result in substantial nitric acid breakthrough and HNO$_3$concentrations would be underestimated.