• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2017

The effect of central axial load on natural frequencies of various thin-walled beams, are investigated by some researchers using different methods such as finite element, transfer matrix and dynamic stiffness matrix methods. However, there are situations that the load will be off centre. This type of loading is called eccentric load. The effect of the eccentricity of axial load on the natural frequencies of asymmetric thin-walled beams is a subject that has not been investigated so far. In this paper, the mentioned effect is studied using exact dynamic stiffness matrix method. Flexure and torsion of the aforesaid thin-walled beam is based on the Bernoulli-Euler and Vlasov theories, respectively. Therefore, the intended thin-walled beam has flexural rigidity, saint-venant torsional rigidity and warping rigidity. In this paper, the Hamilton‟s principle is used for deriving governing partial differential equations of motion and force boundary conditions. Throughout the process, the uniform distribution of mass in the member is accounted for exactly and thus necessitates the solution of a transcendental eigenvalue problem. This is accomplished using the Wittrick-Williams algorithm. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the presented theory, the numerical solutions are given and compared with the results that are available in the literature and finite element solutions using ABAQUS software.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권1호통권44호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 비탄성 부재들의 좌굴 강도를 결정하기 위한 계산적으로 효율적인 비탄성 좌굴해석 프로그램이 개발되었다. 본 프로그램은 휨 좌굴, 휨-비틂 좌굴 혹은 국부좌굴에 의해 붕괴되는 탄성과 비탄성 부재들의 좌굴 강도 및 형상을 결정할 수 있다. 일축 대칭이나 2축 대칭인 I 형 부재를 해석할 수 있다. 복부판은 판 요소를 이용하여 모델되고, 플랜지는 보 요소로 모델되었다. 재료의 비탄성 응력-변형률 관계를 모사하기 위하여 다선형 등방경화 법칙과 증분이론이 사용되었다. 프로그램은 이론치와 실험값들을 이용하여 입증되었다. 프로그램의 결과는 이론치 및 실험값들과 잘 일치였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.297-314
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• 2002

An energy method of analysis is presented which can be used to study the inelastic lateral-distortional buckling of hot-rolled I-sections continuously restrained at the level of the tension flange. The numerical modelling leads to the incremental and iterative solution of a fourth-order eigenproblem, with very rapid solutions being obtainable, so as to enable a study of the factors that influence the strength of continuously restained I-beams to be made. Although hot-rolled I-sections generally have stocky webs and are not susceptible to reductions in their overall buckling loads as a result of cross-sectional distortion, the effect of elastic restraints, particularly against twist rotation, can lead to buckling modes in which the effect of distortion is quite severe. While the phenomenon has been studied previously for elastic lateral-distortional buckling, it is extended in this paper to include the constitutive relationship characteristics of mild steel, and incorporates both the so-called 'polynomial' and 'simplified' models of residual stresses. The method is validated against inelastic lateral-torsional buckling solutions reported in previous studies, and is applied to illustrate some inelastic buckling problems. It is noted that over a certain range of member slenderness the provisions of the Australian AS4100 steel standard are unconservative.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.303-324
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• 2004

The Component-Based Software Development (CBSD) has established itself as a sound paradigm in the software engineering discipline and has gained wide spread acceptance in the industry. The CBSD relies on the availability of standard software components for encapsulation of specific functionality. This paper presents the framework for the development of a software component for the design of general member cross-sections. The proposed component can be used in component-based structural engineering software or as a stand-alone program developed around the component. This paper describes the use-case scenarios for the component, its design patterns, object models, class hierarchy, the integrated and unified handling of cross-section behavior and implementation issue. It is expected that a component developed using the proposed patterns and model can be used in analysis, design and detailing packages to handle reinforced concrete, partially prestressed concrete, steel-concrete composite and steel sections. The component can provide the entire response parameters of the cross section including determination of geometric properties, elastic stresses, flexural capacity, moment-curvature, and ductility ratios. The component can also be used as the main computational engine for stand-alone section design software. The component can be further extended to handle the retrofitting and strengthening of cross-sections, shear and torsional response, determination of fire-damage parameters, etc.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.719-733
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• 2014

The equivalent frame method (EFM) is widely used for the design of two-way reinforced concrete slab structures, and current design codes of practice permit the application of the EFM in analyzing the flat plate slab structures under gravity and lateral loads. The EFM was, however, originally developed for the flat plate structures subjected to gravity load, which is not suitable for lateral loading case. Therefore, this study, the first part of series research paper, proposed the structural analysis method for the flat plate slab structures under the combined gravity and lateral loads, which is named as the unified equivalent frame method (UEFM). In the proposed method, some portion of rotation induced in the torsional member is distributed to the flexibility of the equivalent columns, and the remaining portion is contributed to that of the equivalent slabs. In the consecutive companion paper, the proposed UEFM is verified by comparing with test results of multi-span flat plate structures. Also, a simplified nonlinear push-over analysis method is proposed, and verified by comparing to test results.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2008

Interference effects in five square tall buildings arranged in an L- or T-shaped pattern are investigated in the wind tunnel. Mean and fluctuating shear forces, overturning moments and torsional moment are measured on each building with a force balance mounted at its base. Results are obtained at two values of clear separation between adjacent buildings, at half and a quarter building breadth. It is found that strong interference effect exists on all member buildings, resulting in significant modifications of wind loads as compared with the isolated single building case. Sheltering effect is observed on wind loads acting along the direction of an arm of the "L" or "T" on the inner buildings. However, increase in these wind loads from the isolated single building case is found on the most upwind edge building in the arm when wind blows at a slight oblique angle to the arm. The corner formed by two arms of buildings results in some wind catchment effect leading to increased wind pressure on windward building faces. Interesting interference phenomena such as negative drag force are reported. Interference effects on wind load fluctuations, load spectra and dynamic building responses are also studied and discussed.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2022

Currently, the construction trend of high-rise structures is changing from a cube-shaped box to a free-form. In the case of free-form structures, it is difficult to predict the behavior of the structure because it induces torsional deformation due to inclined columns and the eccentricity of the structure by the horizontal load. For this reason, it is essential to review the stability by considering the design variables at the design stage. In this paper, the position of the weak vertical member was analyzed by analyzing the behavior of the structure according to the change in the core position of the twisted high-rise structures. In the case of the shear wall, the shear force was found to be high in the order of proximity to the center of gravity of each floor of the structure. In the case of the column, the component force was generated by the axial force of the outermost beam, so the bending moment was concentrated on the inner column with no inclination.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.341-351
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• 2022

This paper presents an inelastic buckling behavior analysis of rectangular hollow steel tubes with geometrical imperfections under elevated temperatures. The main variables are the temperature loads, slenderness ratios, and exposure conditions at high temperatures. The material and structural properties of steels at different temperatures are based on Eurocode (EN 1993-1-2, 2005). In the elastic buckling analysis, the buckling strength decreases linearly with the exposure conditions, whereas the inelastic buckling analysis shows that the buckling strength decreases in clusters based on the exposure conditions of strong and weak axes. The buckling shape of the rectangular steel column in the elastic buckling mode, which depicts geometrical imperfection, shows a shift in the position at which bending buckling occurs when the lower section of the member is exposed to high temperatures. Furthermore, lateral torsional buckling occurs owing to cross-section deformation when the strong axial plane of the model is exposed to high temperatures. The elastic buckling analysis indicates a conservative value when the model is exposed to a relatively low temperature, whereas the inelastic buckling analysis indicates a conservative value at a certain temperature or higher. The comparative results between the inelastic buckling analysis and Eurocode 3 show that a range exists in which the buckling strength in the design equation result is overestimated at elevated temperatures, and the shapes of the buckling curves are different.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2005

본 연구는 수평하중을 받는 플랫 플레이트 슬래브 해석을 위한 수정된 등가골조 모델을 제안한 것이다. ACI 318 (2000)은 중력하중 뿐만 아니라 수평하중을 받는 2 방향 슬래브 해석을 위해 등가골조 모델을 허용하고 있다. ACI 318 (2000)에서 채택하고 있는 등가골조 모델은 중력하중을 고려하여 발전되었기 때문에, 수평하중하의 플랫 플레이트 슬래브의 거동을 정확하게 예측하지 못할지 모른다. 따라서 본 연구는 수평하중 하의 플랫 플레이트 슬래브에 대한 더 정확한 해답을 줄 수 있는 수정된 등가골조 모델을 발전시켰다. 수평하중이 지배적인 경우, 이 모델은 기존 등가골조 모델보다 플랫 플레이트 슬래브 시스템의 구성요소 슬래브, 기둥, 비틀림 부재에 대한 더 정확한 힘의 전달 메커니즘을 반영한다. 이 모델의 타당성은 유한요소해석 결과와 제안한 모델의 해석 결과를 비교하여 검증하였으며, 기존 등가골조 모델의 해석 결과가 비교에 포함되었다. 양방향으로 3스팬을 갖는 2층 건물을 비교 대상으로 삼았으며, 수정된 등가골조 모델의 수평변위 및 슬래브모멘트 결과는 유한요소해석 결과와 가장 근사한 결과를 나타냈다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.39-49
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• 1993

전단변형(剪斷變形) 효과(效果)가 고려되는 공간(空間)뼈대 구조(構造)의 기하학적(幾何學的)인 비선형(非線形) 해석(解析)을 수행하기 위한 두 가지 방법 즉, 유한분절법(有限分節法)과 유한요소법(有限要素法)을 제시한다. 유한분절법(有限分節法)의 경우에는 평형방정식(平衡方程式)을 직접(直接) 적분(積分)하므로써 휨과 비틂거동(擧動)에 대한 엄밀(嚴密)한 접선강도(接線剛度) 매트릭스가 유도되는 반면에 유한요소법(有限要素法)의 경우에는 전단변형(剪斷變形)을 고려하는 Hermitian 다항식(多項式)을 형상함수(形狀函數)로 사용하므로써 탄성(彈性) 및 기하적(幾何的)인 강도(剛度)매트릭스가 산정된다. 또한 축방향력(軸方向力)이 영(零)인 경우에 휨 및 비틂거동으로 인한 부재양단의 길이변화를 보정하는 Bowing 함수와 불평형하중의 산정방법을 제시한다. 선택된 예제(例題)들을 해석(解析)한 결과들과 다른 문헌(文獻)의 결과들을 비교, 검토하므로써 본(本) 논문(論文)에서 제시된 이론(理論)의 정당성(正當性)을 입증(立證)한다.